Lead with Example

Matthew Vetter English 101 Professor Melanie Bussiere September 25th, 2010 A Conflict Of Interest Stability in a ruler’s morals and ethics are a vital asset to have when ruling a group of people. With similarities shared between the ruler and the common person the ruler will then be able to relate and be more respected amongst the population, as opposed to a ruler who rules with his own self interest at hand.In the piece, The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli argues the many principles of how a prince should and should not rule. In order to rule successfully he states a prince must possess some of the following characteristics; morality, a strong army, strict rule, common ground with his people and also to be widely respected. Machiavelli laid the ground work for many rulers in the future with his modern view in a time where rulers were primitive and ruled through fear and terror.The Prince and its ideas can even be seen today in our modern day presidents and kings proving that Mach iavelli had compelling ideas and arguments for how leaders can obtain and hold a position of power successfully. Respect, the most important quality a leader should have, is the basis for any relationship whether it is between friends or a ruler and his people. The prince depicted in Machiavelli’s work has no respect for or from the population and this solely is his major flaw.Machiavelli states, â€Å"Spending the wealth of others does not lesson your reputation but adds to it; only spending what is your own is what hurts you†. In order to gain the respect he must forge relationships, sacrifice what is his own and respect the lives of his people. It is seen through his methods of war that he spends the lives of his people frivolously sending them on missions where the fatalities are extremely he high due to the fact he has no care for the population as long as his position is protected from outside enemies .The prince grew up rich, privileged and oblivious to the hard ships faced by the working class. His followers grew up in a completely different lifestyle with responsibilities, battles and hard work the two different lives clash, making it impossible for him to share experiences or believe their personal thoughts and aspirations for the civilization if they conflict with his own. Due to the conflicting ideologies of the Prince and his people he will never be able to lead successfully in theory of Machiavelli.These views can even be seen in modern day, when a president or person of power is involved in scandal or betrayal of his people he is impeached and removed from the position of power and that is exactly what will happen to a Prince who cannot control his people. Along with caring about his fellow man that is ranked below him on the social ladder, a prince according to Machiavelli must show compassion along with being able to control. In the view of Machiavelli, â€Å"it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both†, a leader must find common ground with his people and show interest without leniency within the rules.With this healthy balance of freedom and strict rule Machiavelli provided a solid background for how a leader or in this case a Prince can keep order. The exampled Prince in the essay found it quite difficult to relate to his less fortunate counterparts causing them to not cooperate with his decisions despite the threat of death to those who oppose so without respect and fear no man can truly rule according to Machiavelli. Earning a leadership role through your actions provides a steady background, and respect from the people who will be following you.Many rulers come up through family and their reign is usually short lived. This is due to their inexperience in battle, leadership roles and how to treat a population. A prince regardless of his prior experience and actions will generally rule from a pedestal with belief he is always correct with preconceived notions that his opinion is always higher than those below him or her they will never take others serious. With this mind set it is impossible for someone to rule effectively because they will not take other opinions or view into consideration until it is too late.This is evident in Machiavelli’s piece when he explains the situation in which the Duke of Milan’s sons came into leadership. The boys came into rule after their father and had no respect for the population or their opinion and were quickly over thrown through the force of an outraged population. Leadership is built behind respect and respect is built behind camaraderie and previous acts in which display the character of a leader. The actions of a prince before coming into rule will define his entire reign of power.It will determine whether it is short lived or the start of a prosperous empire. Machiavelli laid down the frame work for the ideal leader to retain power and keep order. The beliefs of Machiavelli have been seen time after t ime in our current leaders around the globe. Their fallacies are seen exactly as Machiavelli saw them and their good qualities are also seen. Nonetheless, it is impossible to say how to perfectly rule as there will always be those to oppose for their own personal reasons but the essay The Prince, is as close of a depiction of the ideal ruler to date.

Nickel And Dimed Essay

You must create a dialectical journal with fifteen (15) entries. I want five (5) entries for each section. I expect a thorough analysis of the devices/strategies identified in the text. Points: 90 Part II Create a monthly budget for a single parent with one child household living in the DMV area making minimum wage. You are to research the necessary information. You must include the current minimum wage, living accommodations, child care, grocery, transportation, and any luxuries (jewelry, dinners at restaurants, a night on the town, etc.). I expect you to find an actual place to live and include their rental rates. If your expenditures exceed your income, you must compute what it would cost for only necessities and calculate the minimum amount of money you must earn to meet those needs. Your research information may be submitted in chart or graph form. You must cite your sources using APA style!! Points: 40 Part III Choose one of the following prompts to write an effective 2 full page double spaced 12† font AP level essay. 1. In â€Å"Evaluation,† the final chapter of Nickel and Dimed, Ehrenreich observes: Some odd optical property of our highly polarized and unequal society makes the poor almost invisible to their economic superiors. The poor can see the affluent easily enough-on television, for example, or on the covers of magazines. But the affluent rarely see the poor or, if they do catch sight of them in some public space, rarely know what they’re seeing, since-thanks to consignment stores and, yes, Wal-Mart- the poor are usually able to disguise themselves as members of the more comfortable classes.

Odysseus †admirable character Essay

Odysseus is the king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, son of Laertis and Anticleia. He is a hero from the Trojan War and becomes famous for his intelligence and cunning mind – he is the one to make up the Trojan horse. So far Odysseus seems to be incredible, resourceful and even godlike, but â€Å"The Odyssey† presents him in new light, reveals his true character and shows both – his good and his bad side. Truly, Odysseus is among the greatest Greek heroes, together with Heracles and Achilles. The similarity between three of them is that they are supported by at least one god. Athene is the one who likes the king of Ithaca; she calls him â€Å"admirable King†, who ruled â€Å"like a loving father. The goddess of wisdom always helps her favorite disguised as daughter of ship’s captain or just little girl. That is why Odysseus â€Å"looks godlike†, â€Å"enveloped in mist† or â€Å"invincible†, surrounded by magic. However, not all of the gods like Odysseus. Poseidon, the sea god, tries to prevent him from going back to Ithaca – â€Å"he roused the stormy blasts of every wind†. No human being would sustain the god’s anger, but Odysseus overcomes the storm. Poseidon sends him â€Å"mountainous† waves and â€Å"tremendous gust†; the power of the god overflows the Trojan hero who is just about to die when Ino, The White Goddess takes pity on him. At the end Poseidon is made to give up and Odysseus is the winner of their fight. Odysseus has both internal and external qualities. He is described as â€Å"courteous† in Book 6 when he begs for help first Nausicaa and later her mother – Arete. Despite being overtired, hungry and powerless Odysseus does not forget his good manners – â€Å"I should be ashamed to stand naked†, â€Å"it would be better to keep distance†. Courteousness is quality common for heroes, kings and noble men especially in similar circumstances. Being 7 years on Ogygia most people would look rude and arrogant, but not the king of Ithaca. Furthermore Odysseus is â€Å"looks like the gods who live in heaven†, he is â€Å"handsome† and â€Å"admirable†. Nausicaa is immediately attracted by â€Å"the stranger’s† appearance – â€Å"I wish I could have a man like him for my husband†. It is not the first time a woman wants to marry him – he has just got rid of the Nymph Calypso. But Odysseus remains faithful to his wife Penelope and keeps her in his thoughts, a testament for their strong relation. He is ready to endure anything to reach Ithaca – â€Å"It’s my never-failing wish† – and to hug his wife and son, a proof for his loyalty towards his family and people. Odysseus is not only well-mannered and handsome but strong and skillful, as well. Firstly, he makes a raft by himself on Ogygia and secondly he throws the biggest discus at enormous distance. The Phaeacians are amazed by his power and strength; no one dares to challenge him in any kind of sport. That is the place where Odysseus’ supremacy is shown. He is not only incredible but he totally dominates over all Phaeacians – something common for hero or even god. Finally Odysseus is an amazing orator – he is not just good, but he deceives and attracts people with his words. In Book 6, 7 and 8 there are some moments when everybody â€Å"stood still and silent† after Odysseus has finished speaking. Firstly, he knows how to draw attention and make compliments – e. g. Book 6 the meeting with Nausicaa – â€Å"Are you some goddess or a mortal woman? † â€Å"It is Artemis†¦ your beauty reminds me. † Secondly, Odysseus is very good at begging, he knows the right way for everything – e. g. the meeting with Arete and Alcinous in Book 7 – â€Å"They all applaud his speech and agreed the stranger should be escorted home. † Thirdly, Odysseus is persuasive and makes people like him – Alcinous is ready to give him â€Å"a house and riches† if he marries Nausicaa. Lastly, he knows how to defend himself when he is challenged or offended – Book 8 Odysseus â€Å"talks sense†. On the other side in Books 5-8 Odysseus is often described as weak and not perfect at all. The first time when we meet him in Book 5 he is â€Å"sitting disconsolate †¦ with steaming eyes†. So despite being a hero and a tough man he weeps and he misses home, wife and son. He seems heart-broken and lost far from his people and emotionally weak. When Calypso informs him that he is to leave Ogygia, Odysseus can’t believe – he feels a mixture of excitement and desperation, showing his broken spirit. Later Odysseus overcomes the battle with Poseidon, but on the other side Ino helps him to do so. Indeed when the wave crashes down on him his â€Å"knees shook and his spirit failed†. It seems that his death is inevitable and Odysseus almost â€Å"give up†. He wishes really strong to have â€Å"met his fate† in the Trojan War. That is not the way one king and hero should think – Odysseus lacks braveness and toughness. The storm is not the only place where Odysseus is helped by a god. Actually, most of the time Athene organizes the things to happen the right way. It seems as Odysseus doesn’t need to do anything – he just should sit and wait for something to happen – e. g. â€Å"At this they all gave a shriek. † Then Odysseus awakes and sees the Nausicaa sent by the disguised Athene. The real hero always makes the decisions by himself and acts bravely. This behavior continues in the Palace of Alcinous. Firstly, his heart is â€Å"filled with emotions†. Secondly, Odysseus looks pathetic – he begs and kneels. It is normal for stranger to do so, but Odysseus is the most famous hero from the Trojan War and King of Ithaca. At first he does not behave as a noble man, but this changes quickly. Odysseus starts to speak more and more bravely and in Book 8 he seems rather arrogant and bold – â€Å"I claim to be by far the best† and he is ready â€Å"to compete with the men of the past† like Heracles. The change is quite sudden – it happens once Odysseus has assured himself a bed and food. To sum up, Odysseus has a lot of admirable qualities – he is clever, strong, handsome, courteous and a good orator. However, he is not a god but rather a mortal man. That is why sometimes he looks sad, weak and arrogant. What makes him hero is that he overcomes his negative characteristics (sometimes with Athene’s help) and continues his struggle to reach home – â€Å"It’s my never failing wish†.

What new things might just work in Corrections Essay

What new things might just work in Corrections - Essay Example be to ensure that all officers are not only satisfied, but also that the inmates are allowed to have a chance to reform and adapt themselves into the society once they are released. It has become essential for there to be some improvement in the management of correctional facilities because without it, it is most likely that the conditions within them might continue to deteriorate. Correctional facilities in the United States have undergone serious management issues over the past decades and this has been as a result of the many blunders that administrators have made when carrying out their duties. Because of such circumstances, correctional facilities have ended up being highly understaffed while at the same time being an unsafe place for both officers and inmates. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate reforms in correctional facilities because, despite there being places where convicts are kept away from society, they are also small communities which have to be well managed to ensure that there is harmony. It has been recognised that there is a need for leadership in the management of correctional facilities since this is the only way through which their managements will be able to effectively ensure the well being of all those who live or work within them (Jung, Wu & Chow, 2008). Leadership has to be shown by prison management when dealing with the safety of the guards because of circumstances where they have to deal with criminals who are potentially violent so that they are not in any way endangered. Leadership is also necessary in cases where there is a potential of prisoners either harming themselves or others and this should be through the provision of psychological, health, and recreational facilities which help them in all manner of their lives. Management is the running of an institution using the established apparatus without necessarily having to make any changes. In most circumstances, management is often to blame in case of either the long term

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 27

Education - Essay Example Religion has played a great role in the marked improvement in academic performances of most African-Americans and has been one of the reasons for the reduced dropout rates of African-Americans over the years (Dewey, 1938). Ethics and morals are often associated with religion. Religion champions for virtues such as respect for one another, tolerance to varied views, active listening, engagement in constructive dialogue, hard work, honesty, and so on – all of which are attributes that promote success in the classroom set up and aids in keeping students in schools. It also promotes the ethos of opening up freely about concerns or problems with teaching, content, coverage, and so on. Religion has effectively inculcated in most of these students personal values outside school/ class rules that encourage proper academic results and achievements. An example in mind is when I conducted a brief interview/ survey of sampled students in class about what would prompt one to steer clear of what we termed ‘academic threats’ such as apathy in class, indiscipline, intolerance, drug abuse, unplanned pregnancies, and so on. 2% of my interviewees cited their childhood upbringing as the reasons to stay focused and on track, 3% cited the fear of repercussion (by school authorities, police, and so on), 5% cited example they have been laid for by their peers and family members while a whopping 90% of those I question cited religion.

The importance of the Roles Played by the Stock Market Assignment

The importance of the Roles Played by the Stock Market - Assignment Example The stock market has so many roles that it plays and the various roles are of utmost importance as a primary market  and as a secondary market  in the development of the economy. There are quite a number of the most stable, mature, and well performing stock markets around the world, for instance, London, Hong Kong and New York(Van Antwerp,W,1975)   The roles that the stock markets perform are very central to the development of any economy. By virtue of the primary markets being involved with new securities, this is where an investor interested in initial public offerings of any public company and also government bonds can easily go find them. In such a market, securities are sold to investors directly from the selling company itself. This makes trading at the stock market faster and easier. In the London stock exchange for instance ,one of the most common traded securities are the municipal bonds, this basically entails the direct purchasing of debenture from the concerned auth orities, for instance, the municipality. The London stock exchange put a lot of premium on these primary markets because to them, these markets are very important not just in strengthening the economy but also in as far as capital markets are concerned. The recent world financial crisis had, indeed, a great negative impact to the performance of the stock markets world over. The stock exchanges, for instance, does provide facilities related to issuance or redemption of securities and many other like capital events, income payment and  dividends. Securities that are traded on any given stock exchange may include  shares  that are provided by the unit trusts, companies,  derivatives as well as investment products such as bonds(Giddy,1994) Stock exchange is, in most cases considered to be the most necessary component of any  stock market. The stock market’s demand and supply is normally driven by so many factors which, in virtually all the fee markets, affect stocksâ₠¬â„¢ price. In any country the financial system tends to fund other areas from the haves and their surplus funds to the ones with a shortage in funds, by direct market financing or indirect bank finance. A country’s financial system and markets matters a lot in as far as the economic growth is concerned. The stock market plays a very big role in ensuring that the economy grows steadily. As much as some economists do not believe in the argument that the finance-growth kind of relationship between how well or bad the stock market is doing to the economic development.The economic development that is seen in any place always creates demands for certain types of financial arrangements, and financial system always tend to automatically respond to such demands. The stock market has natural mechanisms that help in addressing the issue of ensuring that a nation or a city has achieved what is considered to be the optimal financial system outlook. Overall, the stock market stabilizes th e financial system, together with other well-developed systems for instance a good legal system, and this is normally done by incorporating elements or aspects of direct market based finance and indirect banking based finance. A stable and well developed stock market ensures that that there is a stable and strong financial system in place

1.Was the British Empire a force for good Essay

1.Was the British Empire a force for good - Essay Example nostalgia for a more civilized and benign Greater Britain through television programs, such as, This Sceptred Isle and Empire’s Children, while print critics openly condemn it as a blood-stained autocracy (Brendon, 2007). Historian Lawrence James argues, ‘ploughing a familiar furrow,’ but we should always be proud of the Empire that established stability, progress, and beneficial institutions in colonies. In this research paper, I tried to define British Empire’s role as good or bad and conclude that it was neither good nor bad, but complicated. One must argue that why there is controversy about it. Mainly, vast range of British Empire and its lasting impact epitomizes a period in which all of the non-Europeans were dominated by Europeans. Another reason for controversy about Empire is its vastness that defies simple summary, and therefore, perspectives on it also vary outrageously. It is possible for Empire’s admirers or opponents to pick some examples in order to prove that British rule, by and large, was good or bad, and its legacies as beneficent or demonic. Some assert that it was an engine of modernization, while others believe that it was a vehicle of exploitation (Jackson, 2013, p.4). As decolonization of European Empires precipitated in the 1960s, Jean-Paul Sartre wrote that, â€Å"†¦It was nothing but an ideology of lies, a perfect justification for pillage; its honeyed words, its affection of sensibility were only alibis for our aggressions† (cited in Jackson, 2013, p.4) while Niall Ferguson ar gues that British Empire was better than the other empires from the same period. The record of British Empire is not untarnished by any means, but it gave us global trade and the rule of law (cited in Jackson, 2013, p.4). In an effort to explore Empire’s credits, one may lead to the idea that British Empire was a liberal empire. It was established on the principals classically enunciated by Edmund Burke, who asserted that colonial government was a

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example It is also significant because it changed the rules businesses had to play by. Now, they have to answer to a public oversight board run by the government, so the stakes are a lot higher if they act in ways that are unethical. Some other ways the Act changed business is in the ways it eliminated conflicts of interest with auditors, and in the enhanced protection it allowed for whistle-blowers, which â€Å"prohibit the employer from taking certain actions against employees who lawfully disclose private employer information† in the case of fraud (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 105). Three of the public oversight board’s duties are the registration of public accounting firms, the inspection of accounting firms, and the enforcement of compliance with accounting rules of the board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to the preparation and issuance of audit reports and obligations and liabilities of accountants (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell

Editi a paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Editi a paper - Essay Example First, living abroad might destroy a person`s mother tongue. The other factor is abandoning the language. It is a known fact that a the surrounding environment significantly influences affects the process of language acquisition of a language. When a child`s parents move to another country for specific purposes, the child will is likely to acquire the other country`s language. When living abroad there is a big chance that people lose their language to some degree. Such instances of losing one’s own mother tongue on account of migration are quite common. Some might lose everything about the language and others might lose some skills such as writing formally or speaking properly. However, the degree of loss is relative; some may completely forget their mother tongues or their first language while others may retain parts of it. In cases where the migrants practice their traditions in their adoptive country, they are far more likely to retain their first language and acquire the second one, i.e., the language widely spoken in the foreign country to which they have relocated. Some fam ilies try to keep their traditions by using their native language abroad. In other meaning, when they speak to a family member they use their native language and by this way they maintain the language. Throughout the history we have seen witnessed instances and / or read about people who lost their language because they did not use it anymore. They lived abroad and started using and learning the host country`s language. I have two friends who were born in the United State and spent six years in the US. They came back to Saudi Arabia and enrolled in school at the age of six and at that time there were no English subject taught in elementary schools. When they were By the time they attained the age of 12 at the age of 12, they have had forgotten most of their acquired language i.e., English and they struggled to learn the language and found it extremely

On-Boarding, Socialization, Retention and Down-Sizing Essay Example for Free

On-Boarding, Socialization, Retention and Down-Sizing Essay Chern’s has recently hired two new sales associates and have a need for an on-boarding and socialization strategy. Because organizations invest money in hiring new employees, the company has a need to get new hires off to a good start but need help doing so. Because turn-over’s occurs early, organizations can increase their retention rates by helping new hires adjust to their company and jobs. Out-boarding is the process of completing new hires employment paperwork, and providing them with all essential elements for their jobs. Companies also have the need to socialize their employees through planned and unplanned processes, formal and informal activities and experiences through which individuals acquire the attitudes, behavior, and knowledge needed to successfully participate as members in an organization and learn the organizations culture. On-Boarding and Socialization Strategies In order to incorporate Chern’s new hires into its organization several strategic programs, on-boarding and socialization have been recommended. Both of these programs are beneficial for Chern’s and its employees. This recommendation will help Chern’s employee’s transition into the company. The following strategies were recommended for Chern’s new hires; Orientation will involve employees learning about the company, its culture, values, goals, history, mission statement, business, chain of commend and products. Orientation will encompass the company’s policy and procedures as well as the process of filling out the proper paperwork required to work at Chern’s. Through the orientation process employees will receive the tools they need to perform their duties, such as uniforms if required, keys, identification cards, computers, an e-mail address, business cards, telephone number and a work space (office or cubicle). Orientation will provide employees with their benefits information (booklet), 401 k plan, and IIP and retirement plan. Orientation will also include learning how to use the company’s intranet where they can find information about the company (financial facts), products and number of stores and their locations. The orientation process will allow the new hires to meet their co-workers, supervisors and managers. Through orientation employees can understand their roles, and their expectations. Orientation will accelerate the new hires learning process of Chern’s organization. Socialization—will give the new hires the planned, unplanned, formal, and informal activities and experiences to acquire the behavior, attitude and knowledge needed to participate as a member of the organization and learn the firm’s culture. Socialization programs that are recommended for its new hire’s are: A Staggered Program This concept allows new hires to encompass information about Chern’s through a staggered approach, learning in increments instead of obtaining information all at once causing an overload. By learning in increments new hires will retain that information. Socialization activities can be performed through steps allowing new hires to interact with co-workers, supervisors, managers, and HR personal who are familiar with the company. Socialization can be in person as well as via online and classroom settings. Individual Programs gives new hires the flexibility of socializing in a one-on one setting with a mentor or an apprenticeship. By using a mentor or apprenticeship each new hire can learn what is required, their expectations, and job performance rapidly. They experience on the job training through hands on experience and tend to socialize and learn more easily. Formal Socialization Programs- will give new hires the opportunity to socialize with other entities outside of the company, an example would be a seminar where they can interact with other individuals on a professional level and learn new and innovating techniques, procedures and designed activities and materials. This process increase employees job satisfaction and reduce turnover. This gives new hires a chance to be proactive, ask questions, build relationships with others in the rganization and seek feedback while increasing job satisfaction and commitment. Sequential programsallow new hires to follows a range of steps such as step 1—learning about the company. Step 2 –learn policy and procedures. Step 3—learn about the job and its requirements and. Step 4 perform well a so on. Each step leads to opportunities and possible promotions. Fixed Socialization Programs gives new hires information about their probationary status (how long) and their performance statu s with their job. Serial Socialization incorporate new hires with mentors, these mentors guide the new hires through the steps needed to become successful on the job and serve as role models to the new hires. Each new hire will be expected to follow in their mentors footsteps. Investiture Programs- will give each new hire the chance to reaffirm their confidence in them selves and their job performances. This process allows supervisors, managers and in some cases senior management to evaluate the knowledge, skills, and characteristics of the new hires. Investitures programs also evaluates what new hires can do in terms of helping the company move forward and make money from their new innovating ideals (Phillips Gully, 2009). By making these recommendation Chern’s will continue to give its customers the service that lies at the heart of the company. Chern’s strategy can empower its new hires to excel in the company, while upholding its reputation for customer service, quality and selection. These recommendations will continue to give Chern’s a core value that is essential to its branding and culture, while contributing to its customers and building a long term relationship through shared value and customer care. Retention Plan A retention plan for Chern’s top performers is to create an environment, work style and management team that promotes, teamwork, cooperation and retention, which leads to successful delivery of products, customer services and values. Ultimately enriching the company, customers and workers. In order to retain its top performers Chern’s can initiate plans to keep top performers happy by offering great rewards that will be hard to resist. Generally the reason people stay with a company is often the same reason they became attractive in the first place. Implementing the following retention plan will keep Chern’s top performers with the company and reduce a need to hire new people. †¢ provide initiatives to establish and maintain the company’s goals. †¢ establish open communication between management, customers and staff. develop a working environment that encourages professional growth. †¢ match employees with challenging assignments that will lead to professional and career growth. †¢ create a climate of respect, fairness and trust with supervisors and customers. †¢ give employees work flexibility so that they can balance their work and life demands. †¢ provide competitive wages and benefits that are fair, introduce fitness and child care centers. †¢ give top performers bonuses when goals are meet, such as monetary, vacations or extra sick days. create a strong corporate culture for employees that they find attractive such as a mission Statement that appeals to customers and workers. This can help retain employees with the same or similar values. †¢ providing employees with support can also help retain employees, by monitoring their work load, managers can determine if they have the necessary tools to perform their jobs. Using these strategies will institute to recruit, retain and develop top performers.

Review Pain Management For Neonates Health And Social Care Essay

Review Pain Management For Neonates Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is defined as a critical summary of review on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in contest (Polit Beck,2006). The review of literature in the research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice problem and includes what is known and not known about the problem. The literature is reviewed to summarize knowledge for use in practices or to provide a basis for conducting a study (Burns, 1997). This study examined the effects of Expressed Breast Milk (EBM) on behavioural response related to venepuncture in neonates. From the collected review of various associated literature and research studies, topics can be divided as follow; Section A: Studies related to pain perception of neonates. Section B: Studies related to non pharmacological pain management for neonates. Section C: Studies related to expressed breast milk on pain management. Section D: Studies related to using breast milk in other conditions. Section A: Studies Related To Pain Perception of Neonates. Brenda Clain Zeev Kain (2005) stated in a study which was conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit to assess the need for improved pain relief measures for neonates. The neurotransmitters and structures required for pain sensation as well as structures needed for long-term memory are developed adequately in the neonate and thus have the potential to affect long-term outcomes. The study indicated that the number of procedures to which each infant was exposed ranged from 0 to 53 per day. On a scale of 0 to 10, the average pain score in these infants ranged from 1.7 for a diaper change to 8.9 for endotracheal intubation. The investigators indicated also that approximately 40% of all neonates did not receive any analgesia at all during the intensive care stay. These findings point to the continuous need to educate the medical community regarding the long-term outcomes of pain management in neonates. In conclusion, the current research in neonatal pain makes it clear that agg ressive pain control in the neonate is desirable not only for the management of current pain but also for protection from pain experiences to come. Ann Victoria Myron, Denise Poirier Maguire Jane Corrigan wandel (2004) conducted a study on pain perception in the neonate at Bostons Beth Isreal Hospital. Routine neonatal circumcision is still performed in most centers without the benefit of anesthesia. Newborns were frequently not given analgesic or anesthetic agents during invasive procedures, including surgery. The researcher concluded that the neuro chemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functioning in newborns. Moreover, although it is unclear that a neonate subjectively experiences pain in a manner similar to older children and adults, there is evidence of physiologic and perhaps even a psychological form of stress in premature or full-term neonates in response to painful stimuli. Dodds (2003) conducted a survey on neonatal procedural pain among nursing staff in childrens hospital research centre, USA. A total of twenty one neonatal nursing staff were selected and administered a self completion questionnaire to investigate about attitude towards neonatal pain assessment, pharmacological and non pharmacological management of pain. The result showed that 48% of nurses using pain assessment tool and for pharmacological management 66% of nurses using non-nutritive sucking for pain management but other non pharmacological methods are rarely used. Ivy Rouzan (2001) did an analysis of research and clinical practice in neonatal pain management. The purpose of the trial was to review the literature on neonatal pain management with a focus on historical misconceptions, ethical issues, barriers to practice, the role of the advanced practice nurse. Health care professionals agree that neonates experience pain and in turn deserve effective treatment. Research is controversial regarding the extent of pain management necessary in relation to short-term benefits and long-term consequences. Ethical issues arise when research supporting pain management is not consistently utilized in nursing practice. Section B: Studies Related To Non-Pharmacological Pain Management For Neonates. Brenda Golianu et al (2007) conducted a study on efficacy of non-pharmacological therapies for neonatal pain management. A number of non pharmacological therapies have been investigated, including nonnutritive sucking with and without sucrose use, swaddling or facilitated tucking, kangaroo care, music therapy, and multi-sensorial stimulation. The researcher concluded that even though the efficacy of these approaches is clearly evident, they cannot provide analgesia for moderate or severe pain in the neonate, non-pharmacological therapies can be used for minor pain management in neonates. Cignacco et al (2007) reviewed thirteen randomized controlled trials to identify the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A literature search was conducted via the MedLine, CINAHL, Cochrane Library databases and complemented by a hand search. The literature search covered the period from 1984 to 2004. Data were extracted according to pre-defined criteria by two independent reviewers and methodological quality was assessed. The selected interventions were non-nutritive sucking, music, swaddling, positioning, olfactory and multisensorial stimulation, kangaroo care and maternal touch. The researcher concluded that some of the non-pharmacological interventions such as non-nutritive sucking, swaddling and facilitated tucking had shown favourable effect on pulse rate, respiration, oxygen saturation, reduction of motor activity, and on excitation states after invasive measures. A study was conducted by Eunsook Park (2007) on pain reduction of heel stick procedure among ninety-nine healthy neonates. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of Yakson (i.e. a traditional Korean touching method) and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on reducing the pain that neonates experience when undergoing the heel stick procedure for blood testing. The study samples were assigned into three groups: group I Yakson (n = 33), group II NNS (n = 33), and group III control group (n = 33). Intervention was provided to the Yakson and NNS groups one minute prior to heel stick till the completion of the heel stick. For the Yakson group, a researcher caressed the belly of a neonate with one hand while supporting the back with the other hand. For the NNS group, a pacifier packed with sterile gauze was put in the neonates mouth. The oxygen saturation levels in the Yakson and NNS group neonates were maintained significantly better than in the control group neonates. There was no signi ficant difference between the groups with regard to heart rate and neonatal infant pain, which was measured using Neonatal Infant Pain Scale. Findings indicated that Yakson can be used during heel stick to help neonates to maintain their oxygen saturation level following the heel stick procedure. A prospective trial was performed by Karen Corff (2006) to identify the effectiveness of facilitated tucking, a non-pharmacologic nursing intervention, as a comfort measure in modulating preterm neonates physiologic and behavioral responses to minor pain among thirty preterm neonates belonging to the age group of 25-35 weeks of gestation at Edmond. The objective of the study was that premature neonates will have less variation in heart rate, hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, shorter crying, sleep disruption times, and less fluctuation in sleep states in response to the painful stimulus of a heel-stick with facilitated tucking than without facilitated tucking. In this study, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and sleep state were recorded 12 minutes before, during, and 15 minutes after two heel-sticks, one with and one without facilitated tucking. Neonates demonstrated a lower mean heart rate six to ten minutes post-stick (p Yajai Sitthimongkol et al (2005) did a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological pain management in reducing pain from heel stick blood sampling in newborns. A number of non-pharmacological pain management interventions which includes swaddling , positioning, holding and rocking, nonnutritive sucking, breast milk or breast feeding, and oral sucrose had been used to reduce pain from heel stick in preterm and full term neonates. The researcher concluded that preterm neonates who were arranged in a side-lying or supine position with flexed arms and legs close to the infants trunk demonstrated a lower mean heart rate, a shorter mean crying time, a shorter mean sleep disruption time, and fewer sleep-state changes after the heel stick procedure. Carbajal (2004) investigated the effectiveness of oral sucrose in alleviating procedural pain. The hypothesis of this study was that non-pharmacological interventions can reduce neonatal pain indirectly by reducing the total amount of noxious stimuli to which infants are exposed directly, by blocking nociceptive transduction or transmission or activation of descending inhibitory pathways or by activating attention and arousal systems that modulate pain. The researcher administered one to two milliliter of oral sucrose or 30% glucose at two minutes before a minor painful procedure in term neonates or neonates weighing more than 2500 gm. For preterm neonates weighing less than 2500gm, 0.5 ml of oral sucrose or 30% glucose and for those weighing less than 1500gm, 0.3 ml of oral sucrose or 30%glucose was administered. The researcher concluded that when newborns were given pacifier with sweet solutions had synergistic effect in alleviating minor procedural pain. Section C: Studies Related To Expressed Breast Milk On Pain Management In Neonates. Elodie Zana (2009) conducted a randomized controlled study on analgesic effect of breast milk for procedural pain among forty two preterm infants. The hypothesis of this study was that breast milk has a more powerful analgesic effect than oral sucrose to avoid procedural pain in preterm neonates. The researcher used a standardized and validated pain scale by Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne scale (DAN scale).In this study GroupI (Breast milk) and Group II (Oral sucrose) received as analgesic product to avoid procedural pain. The study had shown that breast milk has more powerful analgesic effect than oral sucrose to alleviate procedural pain by using percentage frequency of DANs scale score. A study on heel lance in newborn during breast feeding; an evaluation of analgesic effect of this procedure among 200 healthy full term newborns. for neonatal metabolic screening. Practices such as skin to skin contact, or breastfeeding, in healthy newborn, may represent an alternative to the use of analgesic drugs. The aim of the study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of breastfeeding due to routine invasive procedures like capillary heel sticks blood sampling. Pain assessment was evaluated by DAN scale. The difference in score of pain according to the DAN scale was significant in the two groups of neonates (p = 0.0001); the median score of pain was 5.15 for controls and 2.65 for experimental group (newborns sampled during breastfeeding). The study results have shown the evidence of analgesic effect of breast feeding during heel puncture. ( Elena Uga et al ,2008). Shah, Aliwalas Shah (2006) conducted a trial on breastfeeding or supplemental breast milk to alleviate procedural pain in neonates, at Canada. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and abstracts from the annual meeting of the society for pediatric research. Marked heterogeneity in terms of control intervention and pain assessment measures were noted among the studies. Premature Infant Pain Profile scores were significantly different between the breastfeeding group when compared to placebo group and the group positioned in mothers arms. Neonates in the breastfeeding group had statistically significant and shows less increase in the heart rate, reduced proportion of crying time and reduced duration of crying compared to swaddled group or pacifier group. Investigator concluded that the breast milk should be used to alleviate procedural pain in neonates. Emine Efe Sevim Savafler (2005) did a study on the use of breast feeding for pain relief during neonatal immunization injections at Antalya. The objective of this study was to examine the pain relieving effect of breast feeding during immunization injections in healthy neonates. Sixty six healthy neonates returning to a clinic for their second, third or fourth month immunization with intramuscular diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis were randomized into experimental group and control group. The experimental group received breast milk before, during and after the injection. The control groups were not fed by breast milk before injection according to routine clinic procedure. To assess the pain response of the neonates during and after immunization, the investigators noted their heart rates, oxygen saturation levels and length of crying. The crying time was shorter in the experimental (breast-feeding) group than in the control group .The heart rate and oxygen saturation levels were almo st the same in both groups. The study concluded that breast feeding, maternal holding, skin-to-skin contact significantly reduced crying in infants receiving an immunization injection for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. Phillips, Carolin, Michael (2005) compared the analgesic effects of breastfeeding or pacifier use with maternal holding in procedural pain 96 healthy term neonates. The purpose of study was to assess the differences in outcome measures caused by the effect of breastfeeding (maternal contact).Group I received breast milk, group II were held in the bed by their mothers while giving pacifier and group III neonates were held by the research assistants in bedside chairs while giving pacifier. All the neonates underwent heel lance blood sampling by a single performer. Neonates who were received breast milk (Group I) had shorter duration of cry than mothers held babies in their bed while giving pacifier (group II) while research assistant held infants in bedside chairs (group III). The outcomes measured were crying duration, percentage of infants crying, changes in the heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. The study had shown breast milk is more analgesic than pacifier use with non-maternal holding. A study was conducted by Shendurnikar (2005) to compare the effects of breastfeeding to positioning (swaddling) in procedural pain. A total of 100 full term neonates were participated in the study. The neonates were randomized into two groups (50 neonates in each group).Infants in group one were breastfed for 15 minutes prior to heel prick. All neonates underwent heel lance procedure for clinical indication such as measurement of packed cell volume or bilirubin. The outcomes measured were behavioral (state of arousal, cry, facial expression and body movements), physiological (breathing pattern, heart rate). By using standardized pain scale composite score (non validated) between the two groups before, during and after blood collection were measured. Breast feeding group had shown effectiveness on alleviating procedural pain than swaddling group. Effect of foremilk and hind milk on simple procedural pain among sixty two healthy term neonates at Istanbul, Turkey. The neonates were randomized into three groups. Group I neonates received 2 ml of foremilk, group II hind milk and group III received sterile water. All neonates underwent heel lance blood sampling by single performer. The allocated solution was given by syringe into the babys mouth. The heel prick was performed two minutes after administration of the solution. Crying duration and heart rate changes at one, two, and three minutes were recorded from the time of the heel prick. The outcomes measured were crying time, percentage change in heart rate and Neonatal Facial Coding Score at one, two and three minutes. The study concluded that neither foremilk nor hind milk was effective in relieving procedural pain. (Uyan, 2005). Narayan, Upathayay, Aggarwal, Joshi, Paul Deorari (2004) investigated a randomized placebo controlled, double-blind trial on analgesic effect of EBM in procedural pain in term neonates. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of EBM in reducing pain due to venepuncture, in term neonates, as measured by behavioural and physiological observation. This trial involved eighty one full terms up to four weeks of neonatal age, who needed venepuncture for blood investigations. Two minutes before the venepuncture, forty babies received five ml of EBM in the experimental group, while forty one babies in control group received five ml of distilled water as placebo. Two observers who are blinded to the intervention recorded the physiological and behavioural parameters. The duration of crying was significantly shorter in babies fed with EBM than in those fed with distilled water . The mean duration of crying in EBM group was shorter by 70.7 seconds. The change in heart rate and oxyge n saturation was significantly lower in the EBM group and return to baseline values sooner than in the distilled water group. Schollin (2004) stated the analgesic effect of EBM on procedural pain in neonates. Prevention, treatment and assessment of neonatal pain have been of major clinical and scientific interest in the last decades. Non-pharmacological interventions such as sweet oral solutions are successful in pain relief. The study concluded that seven percentage of lactose in expressed breast milk was sufficient to alleviate procedural pain in neonates. Upadhyay (2004) compared the effects of supplemental breast milk with sterile water in procedural pain. This was a randomized controlled trial of 87 full term neonates. The infants were randomized into two groups. Venepuncture was performed based on clinical indications. Data from 81 infants were analyzed. The primary outcome was the duration of the cry after the venepuncture. Only five easily recordable parameters of the Neonatal Facial Coding Score (out of ten) were assessed by investigator. Data on heart rate, oxygen saturation were provided as mean and standard deviation at baseline and three minutes. The mean difference and standard deviation of the difference were calculated assuming 50% correlation between baseline and subsequent findings. The study concluded that supplemental breast milk was effective in reducing pain caused by venepuncture procedure. A randomized controlled trial investigated to compare the effects of breastfeeding to positioning, sterile water and 30% glucose in procedural pain. This was a of 180 term neonates. In that Group I received breast feeding, group II positioned in mothers arms, group III received sterile water and group IV were fed 30% glucose. The interventions were started two minutes before the procedure and continued throughout the procedure. Venepuncture was performed when infants were at least 24 hours of age and had not been fed for the previous 30 minutes. The primary outcome was measured by using Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne scale (DAN), a behavioral scale developed to rate acute pain in term and preterm neonates. The score comprised of three items namely facial expressions, limb movements, and vocal expression with values in each ranging from zero (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain). The study had shown breast feeding has effect on relieving procedural pain than positioning, sterile water and 30% gluc ose in term neonates. (Carbajal, 2003). Jatana, Dalal Wilson ( 2003) conducted study on analgesic effect of oral glucose in neonates undergoing heel punctures for collection of blood for investigations. The sample was 125 full term normal neonates with no history of birth asphyxia or underlying neurological abnormalities requiring heel punctures for collection of blood for various investigations were selected for the study. The study subjects of 125 neonates were divided into five groups of twenty five in each. One group comprised control subjects and was administered sterile water. Three groups were administered one ml of varying strengths of glucose solution i.e., 10%, 20% and 50% respectively. The last group was given one ml of EBM. Prior to heel pricks, state of arousal, baseline heart rate and transcutaneous oxygen saturation were recorded by pulse oximeter in each neonate. Increasing concentration of glucose and EBM have been found to have analgesic effect in full term neonates undergoing heel punctures for routine investigations and can probably be used to provide pain relief in other simple painful procedures. Larry Gray, Lisa Barbara (2002) investigated a randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of breastfeeding to positioning in procedural pain at University of Chicago, Illinois. A total of 30 full term neonates were included for this study. The neonates were randomized into two groups (15 neonates in each group).All neonates underwent heel lance for routine neonatal screening procedure. Mean neonatal age at procedure was 46 hours in Group I and 40 hours in Group II. The outcome of the study showed that there were significant differences in crying, grimacing and heart rate in breast feeding groups than positioning group. Thus the researcher concluded that breast feeding reduces procedural pain than positioning during blood collection procedure in neonates. Leite et al (2002) did a study on effects of breastfeeding on pain relief in full-term newborns. The sample of this randomized clinical trial study consisted of 60 full-term newborns: 31 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The experimental group was breastfed five minutes before, during, and for five minutes after the blood collection procedure. Neonates in the control group were held in mothers arms but not fed or given a soother. Heart rate was considered as an index of arousal. Sucking frequency was only evaluated in the experimental group. Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower scores and heart rates changes. In the experimental group sucking frequency was highest during the first five minutes of breastfeeding before the procedure. The conclusion was that breastfeeding was effective in reducing pain caused by blood collection for newborn screening. Mathi, Natarajan Rajalakshmi (2002) performed a comparative study of non pharmacological methods to reduce pain in neonates at Coloba, Mumbai. A randomized study was done to compare non pharmacological methods to reduce the pain of heel pricks in 104 stable term neonates. Rocking, massage, 20% sucrose, distilled water (DW) and Expressed Breast Milk (EBM) was used as pain reducing agents. Duration of cry and Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne (DAN) score were used to assess pain. Physiological parameters were also recorded before and after the stimulus. At 30 seconds after the stimulus, the pain scores were lowest in the sucrose group but this was not sustained at 1, 2 and 4 minutes. At 2 and 4 minutes pain scores were lowest in the expressed breast milk and rocking groups as compared to sucrose, distilled water, and massage. The total duration of crying was also lowest in the EBM and rocking groups. Blass (2001) conducted a trial on comparison of effects of supplemental breast milk (colostrum) to water and sucrose in procedural pain with 60 full-term neonates. The neonates were between 30 55 hrs of age at the time of blood collection for routine neonatal screening using the heel lance procedure. Two ml of the allocated solution was given either by slow administration via syringe over a span of two minutes or by allowing neonates to suck a pacifier dipped in the solution every 30 seconds for two minutes. Prior to the procedure, baseline data were obtained for 60 seconds and continuous monitoring was done throughout and after the procedure during the recovery time. The outcome of the study showed that there was a reduction in the percentage of crying and grimacing times in the supplemental breast milk group during the procedure. The study had also shown that supplemental breast milk was effective than sucrose in alleviating procedural pain in full term neonates. Ricardo Carbajal, Soocromanien veerapen, Sophie Coudere, Myriam Jà ºgie Yves Ville (2001) performed randomized controlled trial on analgesic effect of breast feeding among one hundred and eighty term neonates at Poissy-Saint German hospital. The study subjects were randomized into four groups, forty five in each group. During venepuncture the group I neonates were breast fed, group II neonates were held in their mothers arms without breast feeding , group III neonates received one ml of sterile water as placebo and group IV neonates were given one ml of 30% glucose followed by pacifier. Video recordings of the procedure were assessed by two observers blinded to the purpose of the study. Pain related behaviours were evaluated with two acute pain rating scales: the Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne scale and the Premature Infant Pain Profile scale. Analysis of the data revealed that there were significant reductions in both scores for the breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups compar ed with the other two groups (p A randomized controlled trial was conducted by Bucher (2000) on comparison of effects of artificial sweetener containing ten parts cyclamate and one part saccharin to glycine (sweet amino acid), expressed breast milk and sterile water among eighty full-term infants. by a nurse not involved in the study. Prior to the procedure, two ml of the allocated solution was given via syringe on the anterior part of tongue and baseline data were obtained throughout and after the procedure during the recovery time. The procedure was video taped and evaluated by two independent observers unaware of allocation. The outcomes measured were reduction of heart rate change, percentage of time crying, facial pain score (five components of NFCS) and body pain score during blood collection. Breast milk group had significant reduction in heart rate change, percentage of time crying, facial pain score and body pain score. The study had shown breast milk has effectiveness than artificial sweetener and sterile water. Okan,  Ozdil,  Bulbul,  Yapici Nuhoglu (2000) conducted study on analgesic effects of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in procedural pain in healthy term neonates at Turky. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted among 107 neonates undergoing heel-lance. Neonates were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I were being breastfed with skin-to-skin contact, group II neonates being held in their mothers arms with skin-to-skin contact but no breastfeeding, and group III neonates were made to lie on the table before, during and after painful stimulus. Physiological responses to pain were measured by heart rate and oxygen saturation changes and behavioural responses were measured by duration of crying and grimacing. Heart rate, oxygen saturation changes and length of crying were significantly reduced in groups I and II compared with group III. No differences were found between group I and group II. Grimacing was less in group II than in group III. In healthy term neonat es, skin-to-skin contact with the mother and breastfeeding with skin-to-skin contact reduces both physiological and behavioural pain response. Ors (1999) compared the effects of supplemental breast milk to water and 25% sucrose in procedural pain. This was a randomized controlled trial of 102 healthy term neonates. The neonates were randomized into three groups. Group I received supplemental breast milk, group II received sterile water and group III received 25% sucrose. All neonates underwent heel lance blood sampling by a single performer. The allocated solution was given by syringe into the babys mouth over one minute. The heel prick was performed two minutes after administration of the solution. Crying duration and heart rate at three minutes were recorded from the time of the heel prick. The outcomes measured were crying time, percentage change in heart rate and recovery time for the heart rate. The supplemental breast milk had shown significant reduction in crying time, percentage change in heart rate than the other two groups. Skogsdal (1997) performed a randomized controlled trial among 120 neonates to compare the effects of no intervention to 30% oral glucose, 10% oral glucose and breast milk in procedural pain. The neonates were randomly assigned to one of the following groups (30 neonates in each group).The neonates were studied on mean and standard deviation of fifth neonatal age at the time of blood collection for their routine care using the heel lance procedure. One ml of allocated solution was given via syringe by a nurse not aware of allocation. Prior to the procedure, baseline data were obtained and continuous monitoring was done throughout and after the procedure during the recovery time. The blood collection was performed two minutes after administration of solution. The outcomes measured were heart rate change and duration of crying. The study results showed that breast milk was effective on procedural pain than the glucose solution in newborns. Section D: Studies Related To Using Breast Milk In Other Conditions. Penjvini, Shahasavari, Gazerani Abdolkavand (2009) performed a randomized study on the effectiveness of topical use of human breast milk for diaper rash in hospitalized infants at Sanandaj. The study subjects for the study were 50 newborns, which were divided into two groups. Group I received human breast milk application and group II received zinc oxide ointment. After each diaper change the affected area was cleansed with water followed by application of human breast milk or zinc oxide. Infants were assessed twice a day for three days. The diaper rash were measured by using a sterilized ruler put along the lesions in a way that 32 cm2 = large size, 22 cm2 = moderate size and less than 12 cm2 = small size. There were significant differences between human milk and zinc oxide groups. The researcher concluded that topical application of breast milk was effective treatment for diaper rash. Sergio, Alejandro Palma (2008) conducted a switch from antibiotic eye drops to instillation of mothers milk drops as a treatment of infant epiphora. The management of newborns with signs and symptoms of congenital naso lacrimal duct obstruction was switched from topical antibiotic to topical mothers milk-based regimens. The conservative management of this condition includes frequent cleansing of the lids, digital lacrimal sac massage and application of topical antibiotic drops when there was a mucopurulent discharge. This change was initiated by some others who have applied traditional therapy such as instillation of mothers milk as eye drops. This study concluded that instillation of mothers milk drops had effectiveness than antibiotic eye drops in the treatment of infant epiphora. Gulsen Vural Sezer Kizar (2006) did a case control design on umbilical cord care: comparing topical human milk, povidone iodine and dry cord care, in Urban University Hospital at Turkey. The study subjects were 150 newborns which were divided into three groups. Each group had 50 newborns. Group I received breast milk on t

Development of Play in a Museum

Development of Play in a Museum Introduction The concept of play has been regarded as a critical part of early cognitive development of a child, and there are countless studies showing the process by which play fosters learning both in formal and informal educational settings [1]. Museums are often seen as an informal learning environment, where visitors gain knowledge through engaging with the artefacts presented to them [2]. The museum has under-explored potential to be an educational playground [3] [4] that enhance and support the engagement of visitors with the museum exhibits. The research identifies with the museum as a place to learn, that is a playground, where the visitor is presented with options that support open-ended exploration and learning through play. The aim of the work is to research and define playful practices that enhance the effective design and development of playful environments within the context of the evolving museum and with the support of embedded or invisible technologies; moving the visitor from a traditional role of consuming content in a curated space to an active participant. The interest is in encouraging playful practices and cultivating engagement with the museum and its artefacts. Existing technological frameworks, and emerging technologies, including tactile, location, sensor-based, and networked technologies, such as those technologies underpinning the Internet of Things’ will be brought to bear on the visitors’ experience. The research uses creative design methods to hypothesize about and evaluate visitor engagement while simultaneously exploring the opportunities and boundaries of existing technological frameworks in novel interaction scenarios and defining design frameworks for future development. Work to Date The research has adopted a grounded approach and iterative design methods. It has been situated at Cork City Gaol Museum (CCGM), a heritage centre in Cork City that has been a test base for observations and small scale interventions thus far. The research has progressed from a literature review; which gathered research from several fields including interaction design, embodied interaction design, museum studies and play research. This led to the development of initial design guidelines. These guidelines were a reference point for initial brainstorming solutions, early prototypes and focus groups. Observations were carried out in the museum space to identify typical visitor patterns and behaviour. Insights from these observations were used to identify potential visitor patterns and develop a series of prototypes, built using off-the-shelf technologies, such as Arduino and open-source coding platforms including, the Arduino IDE and Processing. These prototypes were tested in a controlled environment initially and then also presented as interventions in the museum space. Feedback from initial testing and observations was used to refine the prototypes, the design guidelines and the proposed scenarios. A comprehensive research review document is available for further reading. Future Objectives Research Questions The research is concerned with the experience of the individuals engaging with the museum and its exhibits. It aims to use available embedded, emerging technologies, to probe the visitor experience and to creatively apply these technologies to design an engaging, social experience. To this end the research project asks the following question: How can the digital enhancement of a conventional museum space foster playfulness, co-creation between visitors and open-ended exploration and learning? To further explore this question, the research aims to investigate the following questions: How can playful practices enhance emerging exhibition design and digital enhancement of the exhibition space? What are the principle characteristics of playful practices? How can an embedded technology framework support the implementation of playful practices and what opportunities and limitations do these technologies have in supporting social interaction in complex public environments such as the museum? What design implications do the identified opportunities and limitations have for future design and development? Research Objectives The primary objective is to examine the adoption of playful practices in museum exhibit design and to investigate how ubiquitous embedded technologies, either bespoke or off-the-shelf solutions can enhance or limit playful practices, and social and collaborative experiences. The research will delineate a framework for the application of invisible embedded technologies which underlines the Internet of Things, and playful practices which augment the social and collaboratve museum experience. The research is influenced by the ideas of Hiroshi [4] and his investigations at the MIT Media lab in moving the interface â€Å"off-the-screen† and the intersection of the fields of science, art and experience design. (The explorations of Chris Speed [5] in network technology and the Internet of Things, the intersection of Art and Science and social experience are of particular interest also.) The research aims to: Identify how best to integrate playful practices within a museum that supports the existing objectives/goals of the environments while engaging visitors in a creative and collaborative way. Develop a comprehensive lexicon of terms to describe playful practices. Develop a framework for implementing technological interventions in the museum that enhance the visitor experience through encouraging sociability, collaboration and other playful practices. Evaluate existing technological frameworks in terms of supporting playful practices and social interaction within the museum. Implement a series of technological interventions across several distinct public spaces. Develop comprehensive guidelines for implementing playful practices and designing playful environments within the context of a museum Demonstrate the opportunities and limitations of existing technological frameworks, and off-the-shelf tactile, location, or sensor-based technologies when applied to open public environments such as the museum space and develop a design framework for future development. Methodological Approach To answer the research questions, this study will combine a mix of methods [7], theoretical investigation with design practice, including but not limited to design thinking and iterative design methods. The research will examine the characteristics and connections between the following elements; the visitor, the museum space, playful practices and digital technologies and frameworks. Existing methods of visitor engagement will be reviewed and existing digital frameworks will be analysed. A new framework for implementing playful practices and digital enhancements will be created that emphasises social engagement and collaboration between visitors. This model will then serve as a theoretical framework for further investigation. In-gallery observations of visitors will be used as a key method to gather comparable data before and after any design interventions. Cork City Gaol Museum has been chosen as a test environment, it is envisioned that two other open and public text environments w ill be identified and investigated also. References [1] Ginsburg, K. The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds The American Academy of Paediatrics, 2007 [2] Falk, J. The director’s cut: Toward an improved understanding of learning from museums. Science Education v88 nS1 pS83-96, 2004 [3]Frà ³es, I., Walker, K (2012)The Art of Play: Exploring the Roles of Technology and Social Play in Museums, Museums at Play, MIT Press, p486-498 [4]Semper, R. J. (1990). Science museums as environments for learning. Physics Today, 43(11), 50-56. [5] [6]http://www.chrisspeed.net/, http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/chris-speed (Creswell Plano Clark 2011, pp.71-72)

The Bonesetter’s Daughter Essay -- English Literature:

Bones constitute on important part in The Bonesetter’s Daughter. What is the significance of the book’s title? â€Å"The Bonesetter’s Daughter† in my opinion holds a deeper meaning as a title. Amy Tan could have called the book â€Å"Precious Auntie† or â€Å"Liu Xing Gu† if you directly translate the bonesetter’s daughter. Why did Amy Tan choose this title? These three words must contain some deeper meaning and therefore we should not judge the title at face value. The first thing that we should look at is what these three words are signifying. They are putting emphasis on the bonesetter by saying that this book is about His daughter. Tan could have paraphrased the title into â€Å"The Daughter of the Bonesetter† This means that there must be some importance laid on this bonesetter. The term â€Å"daughter of the famous bonesetter† is only used a few times within the contents. Amy Tan wanted to accentuate two bits of information. One of those words is daughter. Since most of the book is mostly feminine based, it should, naturally, have a more feminine title. Before reading the book we are told that this story is about a girl or a woman and perhaps her father. However, we are not told about the bonesetter’s daughter until page 155. This is telling us something. We thought that the main character in this book had to be the bonesetter’s daughter. We now find out that this is perhaps not so and that it will be difficult to pin point the main character in this book. The main difficulty is within the fact that this book has no immediate plot. It is more of a mixture between psychological drama and the autobiography of a woman. Nobody can summarize the book effectively within one sentence. The story is far too intricate. This is exact... ...ere used as a way to speak to the gods and ask them questions whose answers could be read from the cracks which appeared on the rocks. Bones are a very important part of the Chinese culture and are used for a holy purpose. Naturally, this again links to the curse that this family is haunted by. If bones really hold that much power over people by being able to communicate with the gods, then if they are misused and disturbed like the way the Gu family did, they can therefore be able to curse them. The curse has grown in importance for LuLing ever since she has realized why it has followed them and what kind of disasters it may lead to. Precious Auntie is the key link between the bonesetter and LuLing and Ruth. She is also the one who suffered most from this curse. This is why she is such an important character. This is why she forms the title of this book.

Emersons Essay - Nature :: Emerson Nature Essays

Emerson's Essay - Nature Emerson's essay, Nature is essentially one that seeks show a new form of enlightening the human spirit and urges the establishment of a stronger link between man and the Universal Spirit through. Emerson sees nature as this inspiration to people and catalyst for a deeper understanding of the spiritual world. In the opening paragraphs of his first chapter, Emerson finds that nature, like stars is always present and creates a reverence in the observer, but is also always inaccessible (14). Emerson also brings forth the idea that not everyone can really observe nature, but one must have the correct mental/spiritual state, as a child might. He discusses the improving aspects one can find in nature - youth, reason, and faith. Intrigued by visual perceptions, he claims that he looses contact with everything but nature becomes a 'transparent eye-ball' and feels that "I am part or parcel of God" (16). Emerson's emphatic words are perhaps the best description of the enthralling emotions of a 'sublime' experience as possible. Throughout the other chapters, Emerson explores the idea of nature as instructor to man and how man can learn from nature. He repeatedly says that nature is a divine creation of God and through it man can learn to be closer to god. However, despite the reverence, awe, and prerequisite mental status, he also presents the concept of nature being 'below' and man on a 'Scala Natura ' of sorts. Although man seen as connected to and part of nature, for he questions if we can "separate the man from the living picture" of nature (26), he finds that nature is nothing without human interpretation because "All facts in natural history taken by themselves have not value . . .. but marry it to human history, and it is full of life," (33). However, there appears to be some more complicated interactions between nature and humans because human language, arguably one of the most important inventions/discoveries in our history is immediately dependent on nature (35). In a chapter titled Di scipline, Emerson states that 'nature is thoroughly mediate. It is made to serve," (45). Emerson believes that the human form is superior to all other organizations which appear to be degradations of it (50).

Adolf Hitler’s political views Essay

After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich.[75] Having no formal education and career prospects, he tried to remain in the army for as long as possible.[76] In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklà ¤rungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers’ Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to the founder Anton Drexler’s antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.[77] Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Impressed with Hitler’s oratory skills, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[78] becoming the party’s 55th member.[79] A copy of Adolf Hitler’s German Workers’ Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of the party’s founders and a member of the occult Thule Society.[80] Eckart became Hitler’s mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of people in Munich society.[81] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP).[82] Hitler designed the party’s banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background.[83] Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the NSDAP. In February 1921—already highly effective at speaking to large audiences—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.[84] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews.[85] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.[86] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the NSDAP in Munich. Members of the its executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP).[87] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised his resignation would mean the end of the party.[88] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.[89] The committee agreed; he rejoined the party as member 3,680. He still faced some opposition within the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.[89][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.[90] Hitler’s vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at using populist themes targeted at his audience, including the use of scapegoats who could be blamed for the economic hardships of his listeners.[91][92][93] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, â€Å"Overwhelmingly †¦ Germans speak with mystification of Hitler’s ‘hypnotic’ appeal. The word shows up again and again; Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, captured them in a trance from which they could not break loose.†[94] Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper described â€Å"the fascination of those eyes, which had bewitched so many seemingly sober men.†[95] He used his personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking.[96][97] Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler: â€Å"We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul†.[98] Although his oratory skills and personal traits were generally received well by large crowds and at official events, some who had met Hitler privately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a lasting impression.[99][100] Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force pilot Hermann Gà ¶ring, and army captain Ernst Rà ¶hm. Rà ¶hm became head of the Nazis’ paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, â€Å"Stormtroopers†), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[101] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.[102] Beer Hall Putsch Main article: Beer Hall Putsch Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923) Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the â€Å"Beer Hall Putsch†. The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini’s â€Å"March on Rome† (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by challenging the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavaria’s de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seißer) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.[103] Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support.[104] On 8 November 1923 he and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahr’s speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff.[105] Retiring to a backroom, Hitler, with handgun drawn, demanded and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow.[105] Hitler’s forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him.[106] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them.[107] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup.[108] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts contemplated suicide.[109] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason.[110] His trial began in February 1924 before the special People’s Court in Munich,[111] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April Hitler was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.[112] He received friendly treatment from the guards; he was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor’s objections.[113] Including time on remand, Hitler had served just over one year in prison.[114] Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927) While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[114] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called â€Å"my Bible†.[115] The book laid out Hitler’s plans for transforming German society into one World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan Main article: Germany–Japan relations Hitler and the Japanese Foreign Minister, YÃ… suke Matsuoka, at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941. In the background is Joachim von Ribbentrop. In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed Foreign Minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Japan. Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupied state in Manchuria, and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan.[195] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army.[195] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials.[196] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938 Hitler declared unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss.[197][198] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland district of Czechoslovakia.[199] On 28–29 March 1938 Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten Heimfront (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that â€Å"whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands †¦ he wanted to sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly†.[200] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia.[201] October 1938: Hitler (standing in the Mercedes) drives through the crowd in Cheb (German: Eger), part of the German-populated Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, which was annexed to Nazi Germany due to the Munich Agreement In April Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grà ¼n (â€Å"Case Green†), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.[202] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September Czechoslovakian President Edvard BeneÃ… ¡ unveiled the â€Å"Fourth Plan† for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein’s demands for Sudeten autonomy.[203] Henlein’s Heimfront responded to BeneÃ… ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ offer with a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovakian police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.[204][205] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany’s oil supplies. Hitler called off Fall Grà ¼n, originally planned for 1 October 1938.[206] On 29 September Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, and Benito Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany.[207][208] Jewish shops destroyed in Magdeburg, following Kristallnacht (November 1938) Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome â€Å"peace for our time†, while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938;[209][210] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrà ¼cken.[211] In Hitler’s view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany.[212][213] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine’s Man of the Year for 1938.[214] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts.[215] In his â€Å"Export or die† speech of 30 January 1939, he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons.[215] On 15 March 1939, in violation of the Munich accord and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets,[216] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade Prague, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.[217]

My Vacation Essay

There is one magical place where my family vacations to most summers. It is quiet, relaxing, beautiful, magnificent, and inspiring. Located in Saranac Lake, in rural New York, this is where my family has some of the best times. We stay in a calm and serene cabin where my Aunt and Uncle live. But I’m getting ahead of myself. Before I can explain what I do during this vacation, I must explain the background and history of this special family gathering. My family is not the type the goes on expensive or classy vacations to the Caribbean. We prefer memorable vacations, whether it is in Florida, Colorado, Cape Cod, or Saranac Lake. The places we go do not matter, but more the events that take place during them. Once my mom’s side of the family had grown, and all my grandparents, aunts, and uncles, had their children, everyone decided it would be fun to have a family reunion of some sort. My Aunt’s cabin sounded like a fun place to meet every summer- and that’s where we have met ever since. Now lots of the kids have grown up, and even though they are older they still enjoy some of the things we did when we first came. Some activities include hiking, swimming, fishing, canoeing, and boating on the lake. Also, playing board games and watching movies when it’s rainy, having cookies down on the dock, or playing a good game of hide and seek in the woods. Vacations to the lake are like an escape from the outside world, and a chance to see nature and still have fun. Every summer is guaranteed to be a blast, in rain or shine. To conclude, my vacations to the lake will always remain memorable and special. I hope that one day I will be able to continue the tradition for my family. Through the years, I have always been sort of jealous of my friends who told about their extravagant vacations to paradise, but I have soon realized that I would never trade my experiences for any of theirs. Why? Because I have something that they will never have. I have a family that loves and cares for each other, and would do anything to make everyone happy. I have a lifetimes worth of memories from only a few days. Finally, I have joy.

Essay Level4 Health and Social Care Unit 41

|HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE | |KNOWLEDGE SPECIFICATION | |Particular Activity Planned to Assess relevant Units (s) : | |Candidate: |Assessor: | |AIVET PHIRI | | |Date of Activity: |Location: | |Units/ |Details |KS | |Element/Pcs | | | | 41-1 |Any information you know that will improve the communication needs of a service user must be recorded | | | |in the communication book and care plan in a shareable and easy to read form, also it is important to | | | |access information on the language preference of the service users, permission should be asked before | | | |accessing such information and the information should be kept confidential.. According to the Human | | | |Right Act 1998 gives everybody the freedom of expression. Everyone has the right to respect for his | | | |private and family life, his home and his correspondence.There shall be no interference by a public | | | |authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is | | | |neces sary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic| | | |well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health and | | | |morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. † Every individual and key people | | | |has the right to information, freedom of speech, right to life and religion. | | | |Also the Associated essay: Unit 4 M1Discrimination act is an Act to make it unlawful to discriminate against service users on the| | | |language difference . No individual should be discriminated against on any of the following grounds, | | | |race, sex, gender, colour, language, culture, disabilities etc. | | | |Equal opportunity Act gives very individual should be treated equally regardless of their gender, | | | |culture or sex i. e. Nobody should enjoy preferential treatment over the other when it comes to | | | |communication and treatment of language e. g. here a service user has a different language from the | | | |care worker and other service users it is the duty of the manager to employ whom could assist the | | | |staff and the service users to understand them self by interpreting the language, so that the needs of| | | |the service user can be meet. Carer can also learn some words from the service user language as this | | | |also promote good relationship. | | | |The data protect ion act gives individuals the right to see the information recorded about them and | | | |ensures that information should be treated with outmost confidentiality and must not go beyond | | | |authorised boundaries.Therefore records and reports must be treated confidentially, they should be | | | |legibly written, factual, objective, dated, timed, signed, the use of past and present continuous | | | |tense and they should be kept in a safe place for confidentiality. | | | |By having a vivid knowledge about these legislations, as a team leader I am responsible to incorporate| | | |the requirements of these legislations when communicating, recording and reporting with individuals’ | | | |key people and others. | | |When completing Records and Reports | | | |The Data Protection Act 1998 gives people a right to see the information recorded about them | | | |All information recorded about communication needed of service user or ways in which you found more | | | |helpful should be | | | |- Accurate | | | |- Factual | | | |- Clear | | | |- Easy to read | | | |Any information recorded must also keep confidentially. Do not leave confident material lying around | | | |in public areas. Whatever the purpose of the information, it is important that you record it | | | |accurately. It is also important that you pass one any information correctly in the right form and to | | | |the right person . Although information could be pass by telephone ,Fax, Email, post etc.Whatever | | | |means it is passed, it must be kept confidentially and service user consent must be seek before such | | | |information is shared. | | | |Provide active support for the individual:-Active support is giving service users the opportunity of | | | |expressing their independence in whatever they want to do. In this case, I make them do what they are | | | |capable of doing and what they enjoy doing which is in their best interest. It improves their | | | |intellectual skills and energy and it serve as a developmental procedure as well. | | |- Using Positive Body Language;- We can guess the feelings and thoughts that another person has by | | | |looking at their eyes ,face, posture, body movement, and cheerfulness promote good relationship and | | | |ensure service user are able to express their needs. | | | |Active Listening:- Paying attention to what service user makes them feel as an individual and | | | |entourage them to express their view and needs.This could be done by sitting at reasonable distance | | | |to them and look at them in the eye and touch or stroking their hand to show or send messages of care | | | |and affection. | | | |- Give them sufficient time to say and respond to any issue being discussed. | | | |- Maintaining eyes contact also makes the service user feel that we are listening to them. | | | |- Employ interpreter who can interprets the language of the service user. | |41-2b |- Sign language such as flash cards, picture and communication | | | |Recognise the uniqueness of individual and their circumstances:- | | | | | | | |Every individual has got their own style, way of life culture, race, ethnicity and circumstances, | | | |medical and mental status so this has to be put into consideration. Checking the individual care plan | | | |allows you to know their needs and strength on communication. where a service user has a different | | |language from the care worker and other service users it is the duty of the manager to employ whom | | | |could assist the staff and the service users to understand them self by interpreting the language, so | | | |that the needs of the service user can be meet The Equal treatment act:- the principle of equal | | | |treatment in the area of employment, covering disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and | | | |age.Knowledge of this makes me ensure that I have to put into consideration the uniqueness and | | | |circumstances of individuals when communicating with them. | | | | | | | |Empower individual to take responsibilities ( as far as they are able within the restrictions placed | | | |upon them) and make and communicate their own decisions about their lives actions and risk.Providing | | | |active support also comes into this context which is the ability of giving individuals the opportunity| | | |of expressing their independence in whatever they are capable to do. An example is a case were the | | | |lunch was to be served and an individual couldn’t state his demand clearly and I happened to be in | | | |the unit by then. As the team leader I used sign language in order to make them communicate their | | | |demands.An example of empowering them to take responsibility might be by making them to do their | | | |laundry, escort them for shopping or by setting the dinning tables with my supervision | | | | | | | |How to manage ethical dilemmas and conflicts for individuals, those who us services and | | | |staff/colleagues, about communication, r ecording and reporting. | | |As a team leader in order to manage ethical dilemmas in term of communication recording and reporting,| | | |I just have to be professional in everything I say and write about individuals and to encourage other | | |41-2c |to do so. In this case I can avoid going beyond professional boundaries. In case an ethical conflict | | | |arises in such situation then I have to carry out a professional corrective measure in handling it. | | | |E. g. hen there is a misunderstanding between two individuals I need to calm both individuals down and| | | |separate them then listen to their complains then settle it amicably following equal treatment to make| | | |both involved happy | | | | | | | |How to challenge information, document, systems, structure, and procedure and practice that is | | | |discriminatory, especially to individuals communication and information needs. | | | |Basically in order to challenge information that are discriminatory I do the followings: | | | |I take disciplinary actions.Due to what might have happened by following the disciplinary procedure. | | | |Restructuring:- if the structure is discriminatory, a restructuring strategy will go a long way to | | | |combat the situation. | | | |Training:- This will boost the exposure of the team members and will aid their communication skills. | | | |Re orientation:- it is very important to re orientate members of my team if they are use to a certain| | |41-2d |act that is discriminatory and they have no know ledge about it. | | |Meetings:- this can be held in order to combat discriminatory situations. | | | |Review:- This will also go a long way in yielding positive results. | | | |Making use of legal and organisational procedure:- it is very important to seek legal or supreme | | | |advice during discriminatory situations. | | | |Accurate recoding and reporting: – documentation is quite important as well. It can be referred to | | | |over and over again. | | | | | | |Coded of practice and conduct, and standard and guidance relevant to your own and the role, | | | |responsibilities, accountability and duties of others when communicating recording and reporting | | | | | | | |The code of practice could be referred to as conditions that set the standard for the practice in the | | |41-4 |care setting. The main aim is to guide the team members and their leaders in the practice of their job| | | |and to make the care setting free from abuse discrimination and a couple of other things.It defines | | | |the roles and responsibilities of team member and their employer and also helps in making decisions. | | | |The code of practice for Employers of social care employers sets down the responsibilities of | | | |employers in the regulation of social care workers. | | | |Below are the roles of team leaders under the code of practice that reflects to communication. | | | |You must have given policies and procedures in place to enable social care workers to meet the CQC’s | | | |code of practice for social care workers. | | |You must put into place and implement written policies and procedures to deal with dangerous, | | | |discriminatory or exploitative behaviour and practice. | | | |Strive to establish trust and confidence of service users and carers. | | | |Make sure that you maintain eye contact with the service user when you are talking and avoid staring, | | | |sit where you can be comfortably seen. Don’t sit where someone has to turn in order to look at you. | | |-show by your gesture that you are listening and interested in what people are saying | | |41-5 |- nodding your head will indicate that you are interested and receptive but be careful not to overdo | | | |it and look like a nodding dog | | | |- you can show your caring and concern by using touching to communicate your caring and concern | | | |- be aware of a person’s body language which should tell if he or she finds touch acceptable. | | | | | | | |Recording and reporting | | | |Sometimes there may be the need to pass on information to other colleagues or other health care | | | |professional who contribute to the well-being of service users. Some of the things may need to | | |recorded are | | | |Signs and symptoms indicating a change in the condition of an individual | | | |Signs of a change in the care needs of an individual | | | |Difficulties or conflicts that have risen and actions taking to resolve them | | | |Actions you have taken or notice to promote the communication need of such service user | | | |All information recorded should be | | | |- Clear | | | |- should be factual | | | |- It should be legible | | | | | | | |Current local, UK and European legislation and organisational requirements, procedures and | | | |practice for: | | | |Protecting individuals from harm and abuse: – Pova, Health and safety, CRB, employees health check, | | | |knowledge from training. I have to make sure that all team me mbers go through the CRB check, medical | | |41-6 |status check taking vaccinations against hepatitis’ B or C, vesicular, and MMR before they are being | | | |employed.It is also essential that I ensure the health and safety of the working environment as well | | | |in order to make it free from abuse and accidents. | | | | | | | |Making and dealing with complaints and whistle blowing:-Complaints procedures, This has to do with | | | |the organisational procedure we do have the introduction and application of complaints forms and the| | | |same time whistle blowing procedures as well.For example if an issue arises and I happened to | | | |notify my superior, if she doesn’t take any action it is important for me to report to the regional | | | |manager and if the regional manager doesn’t take any action as well, I am saddled to report to a | | | |governing body which might be CQC with or without disclosing my identity. | | | | | | | |Promoting your organisationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s service and facilities- Quality assurance should be put in place to | | | |promote the organization’s service and facilities e. g. were there is a leakage is the duty of the | | | |manager to call the plumber to fix it as this has to do with health and safety procedures and | | | |maintenance.Health and Safety at Work act 1974- The following are the direct quotes from this | | | |legislation â€Å"It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure as far as reasonable practicable, the | | | |health and safety and welfare of all his employees† | | | |â€Å"it shall be the duty of every employee to take reasonable care of the health and safety of himself | | | |and other people who may be affected by his act or omission at work. | | |It is also mandatory for every employer to ensure that all equipments are checked and serviced from | | | |time to time. | | | | | | | |Managing and processing request for health and care services, and the parameters for accepting o r | | | |rejecting requests for your organisation. | | | |This has to do with the organisational policy and procedure which relates to other organisations | | | |request in order to provide services.Like inter- care and other organisations that are sending | | | |request in order to supply a couple of products and explaining to them the health and care services | | | |that your organisation provide and you can tell them where to go in order to get such services | | | | | | | |Workplace policies and procedures could be accessed in the following ways: | | | |From computers, file | | | |For example if the information of a client is stored in a computer or another data operating system | | | |and it is pass worded. For me to get access to such information I need to request for the password | | | |from my superior, the regional manager or the head office. | | | | | | |How to access and record information, decisions and judgement about and individual’s communication and| | | |lang uage needs and preference electronically and manually. | | | |Information about an individual could be access manually from the care plans, from the individual, | | | |social service, friends, family of the individual and the GP. It could also be accessed electronically| | | |via telephone, internet, email and fax. Always request for the are plan of an individual before | | | |dealing with them and ask if you are not sure about any of the information, and up date data | | | |electronically by pass wording and keeping the filed in their appropriate place to observe the data | | | |protection | | | | | | | |How different philosophies, principle priorities and code of practice can affect inter agency and | | | |partnership working when communicating, recording and reporting. | | | |In this case the other agency’s method of communication to my organisation might not relate to my | | | |organisations policy and procedure e. g. he social worker wants to speak to the key worker ab out an | | |41-7c |individual, but our own policy might not warrant him to use such procedure because the social worker | | | |might be asking sensitive question that needs professional response. | | | |Difficulty in inter agency relationship can result into misunderstanding, communication barrier, | | | |incorrect information, miss interpretation, loss of information as well. | | | | | | | |An up to date knowledge of literature related to best practice in recording, reporting and developing | | | |and evaluating communication systems and methods. | | |-Attending training and professional development | | | |-Through research | | | |-Being showed by your supervisor and manager as they may have more years of experience and accumulated| | |41-7d |knowledge which they are happy to share with you. | | | |-Through the Internet: following up information on the internet to improve your knowledge. Be wary | | | |about the information you get from the internet make sure that they are from a reputable source such | | | |as a government department, a reputable university or colleges. | | |-working and discussing as a group or team | | | |In order to reflect best practice, it must be signed, dated, timed, factual, readable, and objective. | | | |In this case it has to posses’ professional quality and must be readable as well. | | | | | | | |An up to date knowledge of governments reports, inquires and research relevant to recording, | | |41-7g |reporting and personal, organisational, multi-disciplinary and multi- organisational communications. | | |Updating knowledge and skills by going for more training, making more research, journals, and internet| | | |liaising with governing bodies from time to time, maintenance of constant and very good relationship | | | |with other organisations from time to time. By doing all this, as a team leader I will definitely be | | | |able to update my knowledge and skills in terms of recording, reporting and personal, organisationa l, | | | |multi-disciplinary and multi organisational communication. | | | | | | | | | | |Theories about: | | | |Human growth and development and how it can affect communication abilities | | | |Age is one of the factors that render the immune system weak; this will have adverse effect on service| | | |users. In a situation when the service user gets very old he might not be able to hear clearly, this | | | |will prompt anybody that is speaking to them make some adjustment by raising the tone of their voice | | | |while speaking to them. | | | |It brings blur speech, memory loss, the hormones gets weak, and medical status changes. | |41-7h |Team work motivate the ability to perform a task and further more multidisciplinary team can share | | | |ideas, help each others improves language and your skills and ability to communicate with client | | | |effectively when handing over a shift. | | | | | | | |Communication abilities and skills and their impact on an individual. | | |A serv ice user who comes from a foreign background and doesn’t have English as his foreign language | | | |might lose his self esteem when he sees how other service users are relating to each other. | | | |The impact is that their needs might not be fully met; it might lead to frustration, abuse or bad | | | |practice. | | |41-9 | | | | | | | |Identity, self esteem and self image:- A language difference makes it difficult to reach their | | | |self-esteem or self-image for example if the client does not speak or right effectively it brings | | | |about withdrawal of one skill and ability to work as am group. | | | |This is the way that someone pictures him or herself. Loss of it might lead to isolation of one self | | | |and not being able to communicate his/her demands. | |41-10 | | | | |power relationship and how it can be used and abused when communicating with vulnerable people | | | |For instance, a carer might take a service user for granted due to the service user’s nature of | | | |health. In a case where the service user do forget easily, the carer can decide to give some | | | |information’s which are not professional in the presence of his service user because he knows that he| | | |will forget. | | | |Power can be used positively in terms of communication by encouraging the service user and it can be | | | |used the other way round by swearing and shouting on the service user. | | | | | | |multi-disciplinary and multi-organisational working and communication | | | |I a situation where an abuse have occurred , the staff that was involved face a disciplinary panel and| | | |POVA and other governing bodies within and outside the organisation could be involved. | | |41-11 | | | | |Evidence based research and knowledge based research and benefit of both when recording and | | | |reporting. | | |Making use of legislations and quotations while reporting . It makes them serve as future reference | | | |and legal document. This authentifies the report and makes it meet professional standard. | | | | | | | |Knowledge of physical and mental condition you are most likely to deal with and make judgement on when| | | |managing and processing request for services.From my own point of view there are some physical and | | | |mental conditions of my service user that I can easily decode the cause and know the next line of | | | |action. For example of my service user that his mental status deteriorates drastically I noticed that| | | |might be as a result of his age, I informed my manager, so I had to call the social worker and GP to | | | |come and access him, so his medications was reviewed. At the conclusion of the review. I contact the | | |41-14 |pharmacist to supply. | | | | | | |Health, social emotional, financial, and environmental factors that affects the communication skill | | | |and abilities and well bearing of individuals, families, groups and communities. This could be as a | | | |result of an unsafe working e nvironment this will definitely result into a couple of things within the| | | |working environment because there is no level of security for service users, visitors, staffs, and | | | |those outside the organisation as well. Health factor could be poor facilities for hygiene and other | | | |poor facilities as well which are not helping the people within and outside the organisation. | | | | | | |How different philosophies, principles, priorities and codes of practice can affect inter agency and | | | |partnership communication and working. This can affect inter agency relationships positively or | | | |negatively. Basically inter agency relationships in the context of communication can be of different | | | |medium. The computer can be used for data processing and updating or uploading.Phones can be used | | | |for calls, reporting, enquiry, receiving. The fax machine as well can be used for reporting, | | | |receiving. Internet could be used for research, emails, while the beeper could be used for sending | | | |signals. Different organisations can have policies; principles guiding the use of this medium in | | | |dissemination of information are which might either be to the advantage or disadvantage of the other | | |41-15 |agency that is relating to them. | | | | | | |Physical and mental conditions you are likely to deal with within your work with individual’s | | | |families, carers, groups and communities and their effect on the communication needs of individuals. | | | |Physical-Ageing, sickness, disabilities, memory lose, hearing impairments, lose of sight. Mental- | | | |dementia, depression, stress, dyspraxia, alzelmhers, and the effects can be inappropriate eactions, | | | |stress, anxiety, and frustration. Lastly their needs might not be met perfectly by their community due| | | |to their inability to communicate their requests. | | | | | | | |Specific equipments that will enable individuals with speaking, sight or hearing difficulties and | | | |additional needs or learning difficulties to receive and respond to information and how to access | | | |and use this. | | | |The specific aids used in the care setting to enable individuals with speaking, sight or hearing | | |41-17a |difficulties and additional needs or learning difficulties to meet their communication needs and | | | |preferences are hearing-aids, spectacles (glasses), communicative pictures, makaton, flash cards, | | | |computer audio communication systems, interpreter etc.Not the provision of this alone to individuals | | | |who need them but to encourage them in making use of it as well. | | | | | | | |The types of records and report that you are required to complete within your work role and how to | | | |complete them | | | |Below are the records and reports that I do complete within my work role. | | |The finance register, supervision form, annual appraisal, Criminal Record be rue check, Risk | | | |assessment, Care worker assessment, Reviews, Ca re plans, Minutes of meetings, Daily Logs, Handover,| | | |maintenance records . | | | |In order to state how to complete them, they should be dated, completed, clear enough, comprehensive, | | | |timed, location, witness, subject, and should be objective as well. | | | | | | | | | |41-17b |The different types of data that can be used within records and record and which are best for records | | | |and reports you need to access, complete use and develop-Basically data means information’s. The | | | |different kind of information’s needed in the care setting is of the following categories. | | |Financial: this could be the financial information’s about the home, individual, staffs and financial | | | |relationships with other organisations as well. | | | |Medical: this has to do with the medical information’s about an individual. | | | |Social: anyway in relation to the social status of an individual e. g. Members of his family, his wife| | |41-17c |and children. | | | |Research based: this as to do with information’s received based on the research I have made. | | |Statistical: statistical in the sense of the data base that I do update from time to time. | | | | | | | |Methods of working which facilitates the resolution of the conflicts that you are likely to face | | | |when communicating with individuals and key people. Be attentive, supportive, encourage, and provide | | | |adequate information.When it comes to resolution of conflicts in relation to communication, I have | | | |got to clarify all misunderstanding in a polite and informed manner in order not to cause another | | | |create bad feelings and if I can’t solve the conflict I refer to my manager to get advice or intervene| | |41-17d |to solve the issue at hand | | | | | | | |31.How and where information communication technologies can and should be used for communicating, | | | |recording and reporting | | | |Communication technologies can be used in dif ferent ways to pass information about the service user | | | |and the staff needs during the time of reviewing and updating information about service user this | | | |techno0logy can be use to pass on information to the appropriate people that need to know this | | | |information or needs to be involved in the reviewing of the information. | | | |Some equipment and how they are being used within the setting are stated below:- | | | |Computer:- store data, updating, recording | | | |Phones: – calls, enquiry, reporting. | | |41-17e |Fax: – reporting, receiving. | | |Internet: – Emails, reporting and receiving. | | | |Beeper: – For sending signals. | | | |Pagers:- reporting and receiving, | | | |Projector, Reporting, presentation, training. | | | |All the above equipment could be found within the care setting. The computer, phones. Fax, internet | | |41-17f |can be found in the office while the projector could be found in the training room. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-18 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-19 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-21 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-23 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-26 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-29 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |41-31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |