Nursing Has Evolved from Being an Occupation free essay sample

During the previous decade nurture scholars and educationalists have been endeavoring to set up nursing as a scholastic control Nurse instruction is quickly moving endlessly from a solitary logical or specialized schools of nursing into establishments of advanced education. In this paper I had the benefit to talk about how Nursing has developed from being an occupation to being a calling and a scholarly order. As per the Collins English Dictionary, An occupation isa people ordinary work or calling; employment or head action, any action on which time is spent by an individual, the demonstration of possessing or the condition involved, the control of a nation by a remote military and the timeframe that a country, spot, or position is involved. Occupation is a movement or undertaking with which one involves oneself; ordinarily explicitly the beneficial action, administration, exchange, or specialty for which one is normally paid. One approach to elevate improvement is to explain the expert job. We will compose a custom article test on Nursing Has Evolved from Being an Occupation or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Oxford English Dictionary characterizes a calling as a paid occupation, particularly one that includes delayed preparing and a conventional capability and in its meaning of an expert; the word reference utilizes the words capable, dexterous, or guaranteed. Proficient ability and aptitudes are found out through specific preparing, kept up through proceeding with proficient turn of events and inserted in the thought of carrying on morally, in light of a legitimate concern for the customer or patient, people in general or society. Callings have a job in each influence of human culture, and we as a whole depend on experts at different focuses in our day by day lives from dental specialists to instructors, from annuity directors to vocations consultants, from town organizers to paramedics. We depend on experts to be specialists, to realize what to do when we need them to, and to act to our greatest advantage. Thinking back to the nineteenth century, the callings apparently was law, religion, and medication. These days, the quantity of callings is ever-expanding, as occupations become progressively spent significant time in nature and more professionalized as far as requiring certain guidelines of starting and continuous training with the goal that anything from car specialists to website specialists can be characterized as experts. The words occupation and calling are exchangeable. Calling and occupation are nearly the equivalent, with just minor contrasts between them. The distinction among occupation and calling can be expressed with a straightforward model: Designing a structure would be known as a calling, though, developing a structure is an occupation. A calling needs broad preparing and concentrated information. Then again, an occupation needn't bother with any broad preparing. An individual with an occupation need not have particular information on his exchange. A calling can be called an occupation when an individual is paid for his specific aptitudes, and his profound information. Specialists, engineers, advocates, columnists, researchers, and numerous others, fall under the expert class. Then again, people occupied with an occupation are not paid for their insight, yet just for what they produce. Drivers, assistants and specialists fall under the class of occupation. Not at all like an individual occupied with an occupation, an expert needs to experience advanced education. It is perceptible that a calling will in general be self-sufficient. While thinking about duties, a calling requests that the obligation lies with the person. Besides, just an expert will have the option to evaluate individual experts. With respect to an occupation, nobody has independent force; the individual in question is administered by someone else. Also, any individual can make evaluations, as this kind of work doesn't require high degrees of information and aptitude. All things considered, experts appreciate a higher economic wellbeing than an individual occupied with an occupation. Another distinction that can be seen among calling and occupation is that the previous is guided through certain moral codes, and is directed by a specific resolution. The term discipline begins from the Latin words discipulus, whichmeans understudy, and disciplina, which means instructing (thing). Identified with it is likewise the word pupil as in the followers of Jesus. A word reference definition will give an entire scope of very various implications of the term from preparing to accommodation to a position to the control and discretion of conduct. As an action word it implies preparing somebody to adhere to a thorough arrangement of guidelines, yet additionally rebuffing and authorizing submission. The clinical importance of control is a clinical routine forced by a specialist on a patient to the patient’s advantage. It follows that the scholastic order can be viewed as a type of explicit and thorough logical preparing that will turn out professionals who have been trained by their control for their own ood. What's more, discipline additionally implies policing certain practices or perspectives. People who have digressed from their control can be aligned back or prohibited. Thus, there is a significant good measurement to teach that characterizes how individuals ought to act or think. As recently referenced, the term scholarly control unque stionably fuses numerous components of the significance of order. Simultaneously, it has likewise become a specialized term for the association of learning and the methodical creation of new information. Frequently trains are related to showed subjects, yet unmistakably only one out of every odd subject educated at college can be known as an order. There is a whole other world to disciplines than the way that something is a subject instructed in a scholastic setting. Truth be told, there is an entire rundown of measures and attributes, which demonstrate whether a subject is surely an unmistakable control. A general rundown of qualities would incorporate controls have a specific object of examination (e. g. aw, society, legislative issues), however the object of examination possibly imparted to another order, disciplines have a collection of aggregated expert information alluding to their object of exploration, which is explicit to them and not by and large imparted to another control, disciplines have speculations and ideas that can organizethe gathered pro information adequately, disciplines utilize explicit wordings or a particular specialized language changed in accordance with th eir examination object, disciplines have created explicit examination techniques as indicated by their particular exploration necessities and perhaps most essentially, disciplines must have some institutional sign as subjects educated at colleges or universities, separate scholastic divisions and expert affiliations associated with it. Just through organization are disciplines ready to imitate themselves starting with one age then onto the next by methods for explicit instructive readiness. Another control is along these lines ordinarily established by the method of making an expert chief gave to it at a set up college. A few controls would be viewed as increasingly helpful, progressively thorough, increasingly troublesome, or more significant than others. Attendants have particular instruction and preparing approved by proficient licensure. Medical attendants have a code of morals and built up training guidelines, they will undoubtedly stick to, an infringement of which can bring about their permit being renounced or endorsed. They have their own assortment of continuous examination that shapes and oversees our training. Medical attendants work self-governingly inside their extent of training. They figure and complete their own arrangement of care for customers when appropriate; they apply judgment, utilize basic reasoning aptitudes, and make nursing analyze. Medical attendants utilize their specific information, experience, and range of abilities to start live-sparing measures, improve and advance the wellbeing and prosperity of the planet, and straightforwardness agony, enduring, and misfortune. They are completely joined in that basic strategic of where they work, their position title, or whether they are utilized, jobless, or independently employed. Nursing has developed from being an occupation to being a calling and a scholastic control. Nursing is differently portrayed as a calling, an order, an occupation. The implications doled out to such words and the desires, requests, and duties that each uncovers to or potentially demands from those favored to call themselves enrolled nurture gives an awesome field to survey the battle of nursing as a scholarly undertaking implanted in its own unmistakable information base, encounters, purposes, and qualities. Right now, pressure applied inside and without nursing to embrace oneself restricting potential and subjected position that an expert control direction and applied degree instruction chat on nursing is expanding. Medical attendants jobs and mission, beliefs, and moral and practice guidelines are one a calling and furthermore the qualities of a scholarly order.

Equality and Diversity Essay

You should utilize this document to finish your Assessment. †¢ The principal thing you have to do is spare a duplicate of this record, either onto your PC or a plate †¢ Then work through your Assessment, making sure to spare your work normally †¢ When you’ve completed, print out a duplicate to save for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learnforschools.com and send your finished Assessment to your educator by means of your My Study zone †ensure it is obviously set apart with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name: Claire-Louise 1. What is implied by assorted variety? Decent variety implies contrasts, for example, extraordinary strict convictions, distinctive social conventions, music, workmanship, moving and so forth. With regards to society and culture, assorted variety is generally referenced in talking about multicultural social orders. 2. Portray the network you live in. Feature a portion of the varieties you may see as far as: †¢ Interests †¢ Beliefs †¢ Ages †¢ Lifestyles †¢ Personal, social and social characters. The zone I live in I don’t truly know whether there Is any individual who doesn’t trust in god there is a congregation however its shut even on Sundays there isn’t that much in my general vicinity there is a spot to venerate its very enormous there are consistently a ton off individuals going yet I don’t know any there are all from other neighborhoods there is no place to love. 3. Clarify how the varieties being referred to 2 add to the assorted variety of the network. Provided that there is spots to love you can make some more companions, unites the network more, lets you meet new individuals, meet the individuals who liver in your general vicinity who perhaps have indistinguishable convictions or same religion from you . I have encountered something like this before to perceive what it resembled for different religions meeting we went each Saturday to this Senegal in Whitley sound with a gathering of Muslims we wore a similar garments as them and lived as they accomplished for a couple of hours it’s an incredible encounter it causes you to understand that everybody is the equivalent and you shouldn’t judge individuals we discovered that it was so difficult to be a Muslim , like what there not so anyone might hear to eat and drink during fasting is the hardest time . 4. Give a few guides to clarify how decent variety: †¢ Enhances your life: †¢ Enhances the neighborhood network †¢ Enhances this nation. 5. Depict respecting people’s contrasts and why it is critical to regard contrasts. Since they may feel like there not needed consistently recollect the idiom each one is equivalent and the equivalent never judge somebody by looks or culture since YOU don’t realize how hard it may be for them they stroll past individuals in the road think off the names they get called it may not be there own nation however not all religion are a similar a few people are acceptable and awful yet you cannot fault whats occurred with the awful individuals on the great individuals since its not there flaw they generally get abused and decided for reasons unknown. 6. For an individual you know, portray the individual factors that make him/her what their identity is. 7. Portray yourself regarding: †¢ Personal interests My own advantages are music I appreciate doing drumming, I have an exercise once per week, I additionally appreciate creatures we have a snake 2cats and 2 pooches. †¢ Religion/culture I’m not a strict individual I don’t truly comprehend what to accept as I have heard a great deal before. †¢ Geography. 8. What is implied by having numerous characters? Give three models comparable to individuals you know. Model 1: My sibling has a different character since when he is with his companions he doesn't address me yet when its fair me and him he’s extremely garrulous. Model 2: when there is a miserable or unnerving film on I cover my emotions by snickering at it. Rather than crying or being pitiful Model 3: one of my companions thinks she is hard before her beau 9. What is implied by shared personality? Mutual Identity is the point at which any one individual has many characterizing attributes and characteristics. It is all the more then likely that the individual will have indistinguishable qualities from at least one others. So when individuals share a trademark practically speaking its known as a mutual personality. ( like twins) 10. Clarify and give instances of how an individual can distinguish themselves as having a place with various gatherings. what our identity is relies on where we are at school, at home, at grandmothers and at work. what our identity is relies on who we are with. 11. Depict yourself as far as your numerous characters. 12. What is implied by generalizing and marking? Generalizing is the place you judge individuals in view of who they are perhaps if there not equivalent to you for instance (gay †individuals may imagine that all lesbians are butch.) 13. Clarify why a few people generalization others. Little disapproved of individuals oftern steryotype others since they have never wandered out off there own little territory and seen this present reality. 14. Give two instances of the harming impacts that generalizing and naming can have on individuals. 15. Give in any event two instances of the way generalizing is sustained in the public arena. 16. Characterize bias and separation. 17. Clarify how individuals may create preferences. 18. Portray the accompanying sorts of segregation. 19. What is implied by the term secured qualities? 20. What is the distinction among immediate and circuitous separation? Give two guides to show your point. 21. Depict the impacts that separation and bias can have on individuals. 22. Depict what equivalent open doors implies corresponding to: †¢ Education †¢ Housing †¢ Healthcare †¢ Employment. 23. Diagram the imbalance issues that continue as far as pay for people. 24. Distinguish and quickly portray two different indications of imbalance. When you have finished this Assessment, go to www.vision2learnforschools.com and send your work to your instructor for checking.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Conversation - Assignment Example My decision of the rate contrast is a component old enough and wellbeing on the grounds that the two decide my decision of clinical protection plan. In the event that I were old as well as wiped out, I would picked a customary unlimited reimbursement plan since it gives a patient decision and security (Santerre and Neun 110). 2. Assume the flexibly bend of clinical administrations is superbly inelastic. Examine the effect of an expansion in purchaser salary available cost and amount of clinical administrations. Next, accept the interest for clinical administrations is consummately inelastic while the flexibly bend is upward slanting. An expansion in purchaser salary will cause an increment sought after and showcase cost however the amount provided will stay unaltered in light of the fact that clinical professionals must choose between limited options in providing clinical administrations (Santerre and Neun 115). Costs of clinical administrations will increment because of expanded expenses of creation. This will in the long run in an expansion in the gracefully of clinical administrations. Makers consistently increment supplies when there is a value increase. Be that as it may, there will be no adjustment in the amount requested on the grounds that purchasers must choose between limited options in the utilization of clinical administrations as demonstrated by a flawlessly inelastic interest bend (Santerre and Neun 115). In a superbly serious circumstance, absence of data may bring about significant expenses and low nature of a clinical decent. This is on the grounds that cost and nature of items is obscure to shoppers and makers. Makers may exploit shoppers by creating low quality items and charging significant expenses in order to improve their overall revenues. 3. 1. Clarify the distinction between the unequivocal and understood expenses of creation. Refer to a case of each. Assume you are to determine a short-run complete variable cost work for a nursing home. Clarify the factors you would remember for the capacity. What is the normal connection between an adjustment in every one of these factors and short-run absolute variable expenses? Unequivocal expenses are

ACT Compass Essay Samples

ACT Compass Essay SamplesThis time of year, when the students sit down to write their ACT Compass essays, they need to make sure that they know how to use the ACT Compass essay samples. They need to get as much assistance as possible from an ACT tutor. Without a good instructor, it is difficult to know where to start, or even how to go about it.You should be working with college counselors and your local college counselor in order to get help from them. This will give you an idea of what to expect. If you do not have one, you need to figure out what it is that you can use.ACT Compass essay samples are usually very straightforward and need only basic instructions. Some of them have some pages of steps to follow before you start writing. You do not need to be in a hurry, so go at your own pace. Remember, you are taking an exam.Go ahead and talk to your college counselor. He or she can tell you more about how the test is done, and what you can expect from the test. Your counselor may al so be able to give you advice on how to study for the test.Most of the tests are given in a particular section, with each question in a specific area. When you take the SAT, it is the logic section. This is not the case with the ACT. Your professor will decide what questions to ask and which areas to cover.Some tests only give you half of the individual test section. The questions will be in a different category for each section. For example, one section may include geography, another may include U.S. history, and another may include math.One last thing, you do not have to worry about remembering all of these concepts. The ACT Compass essay samples are relatively short and easy to remember. Just remember that the questions are in a particular category and not ones that are randomly thrown at you.

The Movie Wit Essay - 728 Words

The Movie Wit In the movie Wit, English literary scholar Vivian Bearing has spent years translating and interpreting the poetry of John Donne. Unfortunately, she is a person who has cultivated her intellect at the expense of her heart. Both colleagues and students view Bearing as a chilly and unfriendly person lost in her private world of words and mysterious thoughts. At the age of 48, she is diagnosed with stage-four metastatic ovarian cancer. Dr. Kelekian wants her to take eight high-dose experimental chemotherapy treatments for eight months. He warns her that she will need to be tough to rely upon large reserves of inner courage and willpower. Vivian tries to remain tolerant as she suffers through questions†¦show more content†¦Although Vivian has used her intellect and her dry wit as a shield to carry her through life, these are of little value in the face of death. She sees her reliance to concepts and her apathy to others mirrored in the actions of Jason Posher an ambitious clinical fellow working under Dr. Kelekian. He comes in and out of the movie and seems to treat Vivian as â€Å"un-human.† Throughout the whole movie he asks her â€Å"how are you feeling today Vivian,† but the way he says it is so unfeeling and cold. At the end of the movie when she is actually dead he asks, it just shows how much doctors really do not have any attachment what so ever to patients in today’s medical model. Eventually Vivian realizes that the chemotherapy treatments have failed. She turns to Posner for comfort but hes unable to help. Late one night, she talks to Susie her nurse, about her fears about death. They share a Popsicle in a precious moment of deep intimacy. Susie carefully raises the subject of the options available should Vivians heart stop, suggesting she may want to have Dr. Kelekian note her preference on her chart. Vivian chooses to be DNR (Do Not Resuscitate). Later, as Vivian lies in a near coma, Susie tenderly rubs lotion on her hands. Small acts of kindness characterize her caring. Which just shows how caring and important nurses really are in our hospital environment. At the end of the movieShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Wit1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Wit is a heartfelt drama that I would consider a must see for those aspiring to enter any field of medicine. The movie is centered around the main character, Vivian Bearing, a strict English profess or who specializes in the 17th century British poetry of John Donne. The film begins with Vivian Bearing discussing with her physician, Dr. Kelekian, the course of treatment for her recent diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer. Vivian agrees to participate in a very aggressive experimental treatmentRead MoreThe Dilemma Of The Movie Wit Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dilemma in the Movie WIT The film WIT, produced by Simon Bosanquet, clearly defines poor bedside manner in all levels of medicine, from the radiologist who performed the x-ray to the physicians in charge of the patient’s care. The film is based on a seventeenth century poet professor, Vivian Bearing, who gets diagnosed with stage IV ovarian cancer that has already metastasized. Professor Bearing goes through intense series of experimental chemotherapy agents that are detrimental to her healthRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Wit791 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie â€Å"Wit† is a great educational tool for healthcare professionals in terms of dealing with terminally ill patients. It teaches that nurses and medical professionals should always remember that their patients are not a case nor illness nor experiment but rather human beings with souls and pains. Palliative care is one of the most disputed issues of worldwide importance. While bureaucrats in different countries are making laws on the us e of palliative drugs, patients with excruciating painsRead MoreEssay on Perspective on the Movie Wit638 Words   |  3 PagesPerspective on the movie Wit When I watched the film â€Å"Wit† at first, I became curious to the reason why it was entitled â€Å"Wit†. The overall plot of the story seems so simple but there are a lot of twists which become clear as the story unfolds. In the latter part of the film, I realized that it has been given the title wit because in the end, Vivian recognized that what is more important than intellectual learning is the human compassion that she gets just when she needs it the most. Read MoreReflection on Wit the Movie Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper on Wit Launa Theodore A universal constant about being a patient is vulnerability and loss of control. In the movie Wit, starring Emma Thompson, you get to see all these and more. You get to see another side of the medical profession that shows blatant disregard for medical humanities, the similarities between intellects and the simple art of caring by a nurse who is not an intellect. Wit is the story of an intellectual, Vivian Bearing being diagnosed with stage four ovarianRead MoreMovie Review : Wit ( 2001 )1074 Words   |  5 PagesEspejo, Roussel Anne A. 3NUR3 Movie Review: Wit (2001) The film Wit is about an English professor named Vivian Bearing who was diagnosed of stage IV ovarian cancer. Having been diagnosed with these type of terminal cancer, she felt fearful and as she battles with it, she discovered the difficulties facing her impending death. As nurses, we will encounter such situations wherein we come across those patients who have been terminally ill and as nurses we need to guarantee that we can promote lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Wit, Nurse Susie s Character1183 Words   |  5 Pageshuman beings, this is seen especially in technologically advanced societies as exemplified in the movie Wit. In addition to this new problem, there are clear establishments of hierarchy between medical professionals such as Doctors and nurses as well as the emotional detachments with the patients which can lead to patients feeling left out and alone. In the movie Wit, Nurse Susie’s character in this movie was essential to display the importance of having the emotional support between medical professionalsRead MoreThe Play Wit Is A Movie Based On A Play About A Woman1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Play Wit is a movie based on a play about a woman named Vivian Bearing whose life changed when she is told she has Stage IV ovarian cancer. All through the movie, one is presented with examples of health psychology and treatment of terminal illness. Three main themes stand out in the Wit are patient provider communication, death and caregiving. The first theme presented in the film is patient provider communication. From the start of the film, the interaction between patient and doctor is shownRead MoreThe Movie Wit Exemplifies How Vulnerable Patients During An Outpatient And Hospital Setting Can Often Be Treated Unfairly1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Wit exemplifies how vulnerable patients in an outpatient and hospital setting can often be treated unfairly. Vivian is an English professor of 17 century (John Dunn) poetry. She was newly diagnosed with stage four metastatic ovarian cancer. Her doctor, Dr. Kelekian has explained to her that the best choice of treatment would be experimental chemotherapy. He offered her no alternatives or second opinions and made the decision right then and there that she should do the experimental studyRead MoreAnalysis Of Wit And How It Positively Portrays Nursing1274 Words   |  6 PagesWit Movie Analysis What is nursing? According to Taylor, Lillis, LeMone, 2015, the American Nurses Association (ANA) defines nursing as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (ANA, 2010) (p. ). This definition not only defines nursing, but it also incorporates the role of

Change in Values and Perspectives in Streetcar Named...

Adversity can present itself in a wide range of severities, and it can have drastic effects on an individual. A man is insensible to appreciate prosperity until he has gone through some kind of adversity. Hardships and adversity develop and shape a person’s identity and also plays a big role in shaping one’s personal values. John Locke, a famous philosopher, once said that â€Å"Let us suppose the mind to be, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it be furnished? To this I answer, in one word, from experience†. The quote says that humans are born like clean slates and adversity plays a major role in shaping people. In the modern play A Streetcar Named Desire, the author, Tennessee Williams, suggests that individuals are blank slates and adversity plays a major factor in shaping their values and their perspective on things. This is shown through the characters of Blanche Dubois, Stella Kowalski and Stanley Kowalski. Living on plantation in Laurel Mississippi, Blanche Dubois considers herself a southern Belle. Her life at Belle Reve does not fulfil her dreams that she once envisioned and instead she found herself assuming responsibilities of huge proportions. She was left to incur al financial debts, while having to pay for the costly funerals of her relatives. At last she was unable to pay her debts and she had to give in and lose her beloved land. In addition, she faces the adversity of lifelong guilt because of her making a cruel remark to her lateShow MoreRelatedLooking Back Upon Civil Rights, WomenS Campaign For Suffrage1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto the chagrin of men. In 1947 Tennessee Williams produced his classic play A Streetcar Named Desire. While similar in their quest to bring women’s struggles to the forefront, clashing eras resulted in different literary products. Tack on that Williams, a man, produced a work depicting the environment for females at the time, and these pieces paint a picture of two different times for women from distinct perspectives. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Streetcar Named Desire bear a striking resemblance inRead MoreAnalysis Of A Streetcar Named Desire 1702 Words   |  7 PagesPractice Essay: Emilia Kelly The two texts of Enduring Love and A Streetcar named Desire show privilege of one way of perceiving the world over the other in their conclusions. Ian McEwan’s Enduring Love, shows favour of Joe’s scientific and rational view but also demonstrates that it is flawed. Similarly, Tennessee Williams shows that realism in inevitable but is not always desirable in the play A Streetcar Names Desire. Both texts explore explore the responses of their protagonists of a crisisRead MoreWhos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Articulates the Crises of Contemporary Western Civilization867 Words   |  4 Pagessources. First it establishes a link with the dramatists of the thirties such as Eugene ONeill (1888-1953), Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) and Arthur Miller (1915-2005). These dramatists had in their plays critiqued America as it moved from confidence to doubt. In a land of success they wrote obsessively of the unsuccessful. Their characters such as Blanch Du Bois in Street Car Named Desire(1947), Joe Keller in All My Sons (1947), Willie Loman in Death of a Salesman (1949) and Maggie the Cat inRead MoreEssay on 103 American Literature Final Exam5447 Words   |  22 Pagesimportant theories? (A) Many modern neuroses can be traced to the endowment of the individual with too much personal freedom and the modern easing of traditional sexual codes and restrictions. (B) The self is grounded in an â€Å"unconscious,† where forbidden desires, traumas, and unacceptable emotions are stored. (C) Most psychological problems can and should be treated by new medications. (D) Patients should deal with traumatic experiences and their resulting fears by repressing them. Speaking about or analyzingRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesConflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress Chapter 5 Estimating Times and Costs 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3

Its a rainy day today! I am sitting at my window and watching the beauty of nature Essay Example For Students

Its a rainy day today! I am sitting at my window and watching the beauty of nature Essay Its a rainy day today! I am sitting at my window and watching the beauty of nature. This is great sight! I love the scenes the nature has created today. Let me share it with you! The falling water droplets make the air cool and environment calm. When it starts raining slowly every one rushes to safe place to save them. Women rush to roof to take their cloth down to save from getting wet. Small children gets excited. You can easily see them jumping and trying to come out to take a feel of rain. Have you watched the scene on roads when it starts raining. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ha ha its funny scene. Some people try to escape by running/ some try to take shelter under others roof / some take bag or books magazines on their head and try to escape. But this is all when it is weak rain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but when it is heavy rain one has no way. Even umbrellas are insufficient. The heavy lightning with thunderous soundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. God save us! Prays the poor in his hut. Every one comes out on window and peeps out side scene. If you have a field in front you will hear songs of frog. Have u seen them when they speak/ their vocal sac. This seems like a baloon. The old ponders the rain scene and remembers his child hood and young days. He never forgets to guard his grand children waiting to jump in rain. Still u see the eager ness of children if they could have been permitted to take a bath. What is more that when it rains with heavy wind. U shut your door and window. And still manage to peep out side! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ha ha ha !à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hands off to God à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.on this beautiful scene creation. How beautiful is the scene of nature! The black thunderous cloud, the fading day light due to its darkness, birds rushing to their nests. And the unique beauty of raining. Well this is not all. When it stops rainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Its a different pleasure! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Small water droplets droping from wet leaves one after one.. creating different sounds when droping on water/ dry leaves/ wood or metal. Have you heard them! They sound great! Small children making paper boats and sailing them. On low lands water are logged. People cross through water and the unique sound is created by their movement. Some thing like chrrrrr chrrrrr chrrrrrà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ha ha ha its funny. The rainbow is formed. Birds come out. They start twitering again. This all sounds so soothing to mind and soul. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.If I could be an artist and paint them. If I could be a poet and caricatured all that I have seenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. But I am not any of them.. so what! I am the obserber. I feel them and I have shared it with u! I am happy with what I am! Am I right?

Small Business Plan free essay sample

The three quality approaches which are used by businesses to satisfy customer expectations are quality control, quality assurance and also total quality management. Quality Control is the use of inspections at various points in the production process to check for problems and defects. In order to reduce complaints from customers for the goods and services provided Ripe and Ready Fruit Vega shall implement monitoring of goods on display and the performance of employees to ensure quality control. Quality assurance is the use of a system so that a business achieves set standards in production. The system that is to be used by Ripe and Ready Fruit Vega is one which involves selecting only the best produce from goods bought. Total quality management is an ongoing, business-wide commitment to excellence that is applied o every aspect of the businesss operation. The focus of Ripe and Ready Fruit ; Vega is the customers and their satisfaction huge efforts are put in to the acquisition to the resources through to the delivery to the goods to the customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Business Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The implementation of total quality management can improve the price competitiveness of the business and the quality of the products provided to attain competitive advantage. 6. Impact on ultimate business success The goods, production processes and quality management involved in the running of Ripe and Ready Fruit ; Vega all have an impact on the ultimate success of the equines as it deals with the quality of the goods and services provided to the customers in order to satisfy their needs and wants. By acquiring the goods from markets it ensures that it is only the freshest of produce giving the business an advantage over potential competitors in the area. As it is a fairly new business and the chances of competitors in the same district very high it is important that total quality management is continuing adapting in order to improve and excel all aspects of the business to maintain a competitive edge over competitors. Part B: Marketing 1 . Target market for products Target market refers to a group of customers with similar characteristics who presently, or who may in the future, purchase the product. There are three main types of approaches towards identifying your target market; the mass marketing approach, market segmentation approach and an extension of the latter is niche marketing. Ripe and Ready Fruit ; Vega uses the market segmentation approach as the products sold are mainly for those which are above 21 and provide for themselves. 21 is the age at which most young people leave their parents home and find a home for themselves and is the age at which they provide for themselves and eve a stable financial state. 2. Details of marketing strategies Product Ripe and Ready Fruit Vega offers a large variety of high quality fruit and vegetables for the use of customers. A group of employees will be assigned the task of the acquisition of the goods which will be from the Sydney Markets ensuring that the produce will be of the freshest and highest of standards for the customers. Price The pricing of products is reasonably fair and are raised and lowered in accordance to the prices of our competitors and the ease in which the products are acquired as some goods can be out of season and will be more expensive than those which are in season. Correct pricing is essential as if the price is set too high it could result in lost sales and if the price is set to low it may give customers the impression that it is a dodgy product and that the business is not to be trusted. Promotion the promotion of a business such as Ripe and Ready Fruit ; Vega will largely involve word of mouth, the use of social media sites such as Faceable, Mainstream and Twitter and adds in the local newspaper close to the big stories in order to ensure a lot people will see the advertisement. Place this involves the way n which the product gets to the customer. The product will be placed in the shop in Main Street, Blacktops. This area has a high level of traffic which will improve the chances of sales and profits for Ripe and Ready Fruit ; Vega. 3. Impact on Ultimate business success The businesss success relies heavily upon the marketing strategies implemented. The use of inappropriate marketing strategies will result in a decline in profits and capital which will lead to the eventual closing of the Ripe and Ready Fruit Vega. The marketing strategies shown will ensure the businesss success in the long term. The marketing strategies that are implemented will ensure customers receive high quality, high standard fruit and vegetables at a reasonable price. The location of the store will ensure good sales as it is located in an area with high consumer traffic. The promotion strategies implemented will be sufficient for the short term, but as it builds its revenue then it will be possible to invest in better and more effective promotion strategies.

The Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis And Corporate International Diversification Theory The WritePass Journal

The Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis And Corporate International Diversification Theory ABSTRACT The Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis And Corporate International Diversification Theory ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONUPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM HYPOTHESISINTERNATIONALIZATION AND SYSTEMATIC RISKINTERNATIONALIZATION AND LEVERAGECORPORATE INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATIONAGENCY COSTS AND FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF MULTINATIONALSINTERNAL CAPITAL MARKETSAGENCY COSTS OF DEBTCONCLUSIONREFERENCERelated ABSTRACT The study of multinationals has received much attention in literature. Certainly, it has become a subject of controversy among the scholars. On the one hand, some researchers including Reeb Mansi (2001), Chkir Cosset (1999) and Chen et al. (1997) point out to the diversification benefits to multinationals due to risk reduction inherent in operations within imperfectly correlated markets. While on the other hand, the more recent research by Reeb, Kwok Baek (1998) and Bartove, Bodnar Kaul (1996) notes a positive relationship between internationalization and high debtholder monitoring costs.Against this backdrop, this analysis suggest an alternative upstream-downstream hypothesis whereby the overall effect of internationalization on the risk and leverage of multinationals is dependent on the market conditions of the host and target country. The paper examines the theory that multinationals should have lower risk and higher leverage than non-multinationals and explains the difference between this theory and the upstream-downstream hypothesis. Also included in this analysis, is an explanation for the documented puzzle that multinationals tend to have lower levels of long-term debt but more use of short-term debt than non-multinational firms. INTRODUCTION The study of multinationals has received much attention in literature. Over the last few decades, it has become a subject of controversy among the scholars. It has generated more heat than light with some suggesting diversification benefits to multinationals, while others point out to the positive relation between a firm risk and internationalization. Against this backdrop, we suggest an alternative upstream-downstream hypothesis whereby the overall effect of internationalization on the risk and leverage of multinationals is dependent on the market conditions of the host and target country. Previous researchers including Reeb, Mansi Alee (2001), Chkir Cosset (2001) and Chen et al. (1997) found a positive relationship between internationalization and debt ratio due to risk reduction inherent in operations within imperfectly correlated markets. On the contrary, Burgman (1996) and Lee kwok (1988) demonstrated a negative relationship between internationalization and debt ratio that results from increased risks due to agency costs, and political and exchange rate risks. Similarly, while the findings obtained from Initial research by Hughes, Logue Sweeny (1975) are consistent with the diversification benefits, the more recent research by Reeb, Kwok Baek (1998) and Bartove, Bodnar Kaul (1996) found a positive association between the risk of a firm and internationalization. Additionally, while focusing on leverage, Burgman (1996) noted that internalization may result in higher debtholder monitoring costs and thus significantly reducing the levels of leverage. Consistent with greater agency costs, Lee Kwok (1988) and Chen et al. (1997) found that the domestic corporations would in general tend to have significantly higher debt ratios relative to the MNCs. Clearly, from what can be discerned, the study of internationalization of firms has become a controversial issue among scholars. This analysis is thus an attempt to shed light on the above by exploring on both international diversification benefits and the upstream downstream hypothesis. We begin out analysis by examining the upstream and downstream hypothesis UPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM HYPOTHESIS Kwok Reeb (2000) argue that there is an increase in risk and a reduction in debt usage when firms from stable economies make investments internationally (downstream). Conversely, the risk is reduced and debt usage increased when firms from weaker economies make investments internationally (upstream). It therefore follows that the overall effect of internationalization on firm’s leverage and risk is dependent on the characteristics of the home and target economy. The firms’ behaviour towards international activity or rather the overall effect of internalization on firms leverage and risk is dependent upon whether the firm is moving upstream or downstream (Kwok Reeb 2000). For example, for multinationals based in the United States (which is among the most stable economies in the world), their overseas expansion tend to exacerbate risk. This increase in risk may not be totally offset by the risk reduction due to international diversification and thus resulting in a downward adjustment of the firms leverage. On the converse, for firms in the emerging economies, investment internationally in the developed economies leads to a reduction in corporate risk and subsequently an upward adjustment of leverage. INTERNATIONALIZATION AND SYSTEMATIC RISK The upstream downstream argument can be extended to the systematic risk area. Multinationals, by definition, have their operations diversified into various countries. The systematic risk of an ith operation can therefore be defined as É“i (Reeb, Mansi Allee 2001). É“i = (Ï im ÏÆ'i)/ ÏÆ'm Where Ï im represents the correlation between the market return and firms return ÏÆ'i represents the firms return standard deviation    ÏÆ'm refers to the market returns standard deviation An ith operation is thus influenced by the nature of the business operation and the economic system of the country where the operation takes place (Reeb, D.M., S.A. Mansi and J.M. Allee, 2001). Take for example a project that is located in a more volatile emerging economy. This project would tend to have a higher value of total risk, ÏÆ'i. Unless there is an offset of the high standard deviation by a lower correlation coefficient Ï im, the systematic risk É“i would be higher. On the converse a project that is located in a more stable economy tend to have a lower value of its total risk, ÏÆ'i. Similarly, unless there is a substantially higher value of correlation efficient Ï im, the systematic risk É“i tend to be lower. For any multinational, its overall systematic risk is simply the weighted average of the betas (É“i) of all its business operations within the various countries (Reeb, Mansi Allee, 2001).    É“mnc = Æ © Ã… ´i É“i Where Ã… ´i represents a fraction of the total capital invested by the MNC in the ith countrys operation. Therefore, for a firm that is headquartered in a more stable economy, expansion of its operations into a less stable market would increase the overall beta (É“mnc) of the firm, due to potentially greater environmental risk for the new operation (Reeb, Mansi Allee, 2001). Conversely, when a firm that is headquartered in an emerging economy expands its direct investments into a developed economy, its overall beta may decrease. The ability to arbitrage markets may as well differ due to the economic differences of the home and target economies (Reeb Kwok 2000). Take for example, the shift of income. The ability to have the income shifted among different tax regimes depends on the degree of sophistication of the host and target government (Reeb Kwok 2000). Firms that are based in economies which are more developed and with greater resources, tend to have fewer opportunities for shifting their income (Reeb Kwok 2000). In contrast, firms that are based in the volatile emerging economies tend to have different opportunities to arbitrage labour and capital markets (Reeb Kwok 2000).   That is, firms that are moving upstream have more opportunities to hire employees with different sets of skills and experience than those that are moving downstream. This implies that firms’ behaviour towards international activity varies with the characteristics of the home and target market. Therefore, the overall effect of internationalization on the firms risk and leverage depends on whether the firm is moving upstream or downstream. INTERNATIONALIZATION AND LEVERAGE Aligning with the above, the association between internationalization and firm risk suggests a leverage effect as well. Traditional capital structure theory posits that as firm risk increases the debt utilization decreases (Reeb Kwok 2000). Hence, for firms that are based in the more volatile emerging economies, their overseas expansion may lead to more debt utilization, as they may gain access to debt that was not previously available. The converse is also true. This view of the leverage aspect of upstream-downstream hypothesis suggests a negative association between leverage and internationalization for firms based in the more developed economies and vice versa (Reeb Kwok 2000). That is, firms that are moving upstream tend to have a positive relationship between the firms leverage and internationalization while those moving downstream tend to have a negative association. This implies that the overall effect of internationalization on the leverage of multinationals is equally dependent on the home and target market conditions. This next section will explore on the corporate diversification theory and the effect of agency costs and internal capital markets on the firms’ leverage. In particular, the agency conflicts and efficiency of internal capital markets will be used in providing an explanation as to why multinationals tend to have lower levels of long-term debt but more use of short-term debt than non-multinational firms. CORPORATE INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION The corporate international diversification theory posits that multinationals should have lower risk and higher financial leverage than the domestic corporations (Doukas Pantzalis 2001).   One of the main reason as to why corporations would not take 100% debt in their capital structure is because of the risk of insolvency (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Given that this risk is not linear but increases with higher debt levels, firms can thus limit their leverage in order to avoid incurring bankruptcy costs. There are a variety of business risks as well as opportunities that stem from corporate international diversification. Business risk which is typically measured by the volatility of the operating net income refers the cost of financial distress or rather bankruptcy cost (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Both the domestic and multinational firms are also faced with exchange rate risk. That is, the risk that fluctuations in currencies will affect the demand and supply, price and cost characteristics of the corporation. There is also the risk of higher agency costs which faces multinational firms. MNCs face higher agency costs due to auditing costs, monitoring costs, different accounting systems, different legal systems, sovereignty uncertainties, language differences, labour market and capital imperfections as well as the different asset structures (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Agency costs are known to have a significant impact on the optimal debt level as will be discussed below (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Political risks arise from political events that may have adverse effects on the economic wellbeing of the firm. For example, potential conflicts may arise between the goals of the government and those of the foreign firms. This is especially the case with foreign direct investment, given their effect on the host economy. Among the benefits put forth by scholars is the view that through international diversification, firms are able to increase on their debt capacity and reduce their bankruptcy costs (Doukas Pantzalis 2001).   It has been argued that risks are reduced by portfolio effects due to the imperfect correlation of foreign cash flows. In this regard, Fatemi (1984) and Agmon Lessard (1977) point out that diversification benefits reduce the bankruptcy costs and increase the debt usage by multinationals. AGENCY COSTS AND FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF MULTINATIONALS The documented puzzle that multinationals tend to have lower levels of long-term debt but more use of short-term debt than non-multinational firms warrants an explanation. There are many reasons as to why one would expect multinationals to have different leverage ratios relative to the domestic corporations. First, given the international nature of their operations, MNCs are expected to have access to more capital sources unlike the domestic firms (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Therefore, they can raise more capital via foreign debt financing and at more favourable terms than the domestic corporations (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Consider, for example, the case of multinationals that have subsidiaries in countries with different tax rates. These multinationals can benefit a lot by borrowing through foreign affiliates exposed to high tax rates, hence increasing their tax shields (Butler 1999). It therefore follows that due to access to external sources of financing, these multinationals should in general have higher debt ratios than the domestic firms (Butler 1999). Another reason as to why Multinationals should exhibit higher debt ratios than non-multinational firms is that the foreign debt can be used as a hedging instrument against the risk of foreign exchange (Butler 1999). Given that multinationals have higher levels of foreign exchange exposure in comparison to the domestic firms, they are thus expected to make greater use of debt financing than the local firms (Butler 1999). Additionally, since multinationals are subject to political and exchange rate risk exposures, it is expected that these multinationals should have higher overall debt ratios relative to the local firms (Butler 1999). Thirdly, due to industrial and geographical diversification of operations of MNCs, they are expected to have lower business and financial risk than the domestic firms (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). This has the impact of reducing the cost of debt and therefore increasing leverage. This implies that the leverage of multinationals should have a positive relation with foreign involvement while financial distress should have a negative and greater bearing on DMCs leverage (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). However, while hedging, financial distress, liquidity and operating considerations imply that multinationals are more likely to have greater leverage than the domestic corporations, findings from empirical studies show that these multinationals have instead lower long-term leverage relative to the domestic firms (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Three possible explanations can be given for this finding. These include: (Doukas Pantzalis 2001) Efficiencies of internal capital markets Agency costs of debt Legal and institutional differences across counties where multinationals operate. INTERNAL CAPITAL MARKETS Since MNCs have numerous divisions operating across countries, they tend to create extensive internal capital markets which may provide cheaper financing relative to the external markets (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Hence, where the internal capital market is efficient, MNCs tend to rely more on internal financing than the external one. As a result, they tend to have lower leverage than the domestic firms. Consequently, a non-positive relation between the firms leverage and its foreign operations can emerge when internal capital markets bypass external capital market informational asymmetries (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). In a recent study, Matsusaka Nanda (1997) and Scharfstein Stein (1997) examined the improved capital allocation in internal capital markets and the associated agency costs for firms that had diversified their operations. They found that diversified firms could use internal capital markets in funding profitable projects, which would not be financed in external capital markets due to agency costs and information asymmetries. This implies that the external debt financing need for multinationals can be attenuated and that the low levels of leverage for Multinationals should reflect the strengths of internal capital markets (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). This view certainly indicates a negative relation between industrial diversification and the leverage of multinationals. That is, MNCs debt ratios should exhibit a negative and more pronounced association with industrial diversification than the domestic firms. AGENCY COSTS OF DEBT The agency cost of debt effect on leverage of multinationals arises from their industrial diversification. Since their operations are geographically dispersed, the cost of gathering and processing information is generally more costly for MNCs than the domestic firms (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Therefore, multinationals are expected to have more inherent agency problems between the debtholders and shareholders due to their diverse geographic structure. It therefore follows that bondholders will require higher interest payment on loans to firms that have greater monitoring costs and are more susceptible to asymmetric information problems (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). This implies that firms which have diversified their operations are more likely to have their debt ratios lower than domestic firms. Further, firms with greater foreign involvement are expected to have a negative and more pronounced relation between the firms leverage and agency costs of debt, than the domestic firms (Doukas Pantzalis 2001). Several authors have suggested that, unlike the domestic firms, multinationals are likely to support more debt in their capital structures. Burgman (1999), however, contests this claim and in fact argues that multinationals have, in the actual sense, less debt in their capital structure. He addresses whether factors such as the political and exchange rate risk and the agency costs can explain this phenomenon. The findings of his study show that multinationals tend to have higher agency costs and that diversifying their operations does not lower their earnings volatility. CONCLUSION Clearly, there are inherent business risks as well opportunities that stem from corporate diversification. While we do not ignore the cross-border benefits of corporate diversification, we suggest that the overall effect of internationalization on the firms risk and leverage can be predicted by an upstream-downstream hypothesis. REFERENCE Agmon, T. and D. Lessard, 1977. â€Å"Investor recognition of corporate international diversification†. Journal of Finance, 32:1049-55. Bartov, E., G. Bodnar, and A. Kaul,   1996.  Ã‚   â€Å"Exchange rate variability and the riskiness of US multinational firms: Evidence from the breakdown of Bretton Woods†. Journal of Financial Economics, 42: 105-132. Burgman, T. A., 1996. â€Å"An empirical examination of multinational corporate capital structure† Journal of International Business Studies, Vol 30, pp. 553-570. Butler, K.C., 1999, Multinational Finance, 2nd edition, Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing Chen, C.J. P., C.S. Cheng, H. J. Agnes, and K. Jawon, 1997. â€Å"An investigation of the relationship between international activities and capital structure† Journal of International Business Studies, p. 563-577. Chkir, I.E. and J.C. Cosset, 2001. â€Å"Diversification strategy and capital structure of multinational corporations†. Journal of Multinational Financial Management 11, 17–37. Doukas, J.A. and C. Pantzalis, 2001. Geographic diversification and agency costs of debt of multinational firms. Old Dominion University.   http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=282850 {accessed on 30th December 2011} Fatemi, A. 1984. â€Å"Shareholders Benefits from Corporate International Diversification†, Journal of Finance Vol. 39 No.5. Hughes, L., D. Logue, and R. Sweeney, 1975. â€Å"Corporate international diversification and market assigned measures of risk and diversification†. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 10:627-37. Kwok, C. Y. Chuck and D. Reeb, 2000.† Internationalization and Firm Risk: An Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis†, Journal of International Business Studies, 31, 4; 611-629. Lee, K., and C.Y. Kwok, 1988. â€Å"Multinational corporations vs. domestic corporations: International environmental factors and determinants of capital structure†. Journal of International Business Studies, vol 19, pp. 195-217. Matsusaka. J, and V. Nanda, 1997, Internal capital markets and corporate refocusing, Working Paper, University of Southern California. Reeb, D.M. and C. Kwok and H. Y. Baek, 1998. â€Å"Systematic Risk of the Multinational Corporation†, Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter. Reeb, D.M., S.A. Mansi and J.M. Allee, 2001. â€Å"Firm internationalization and the cost of debt financing: evidence from non-provisional publicly traded debt†. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 36, 395–414.Chkir Cosset (1999) Scharfstein, D.S, 1997, The dark side of internal capital market II, Working Paper, MIT press.

Pumping Up The ECONOMIC GROWTH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pumping Up The ECONOMIC GROWTH - Essay Example This means that enhancing human capital will increase the quality of labor, which will in turn increase economic growth. The third factor that has to be considered is capital, an increase of which will increase economic growth. Capital is best increased by focusing on investment that improves the technology used. This will ensure that capital used in production produces more output with less usage of resources. However, the factors mentioned above have some detrimental effects, for example, using more resources to enhance economic growth results in the depletion of available resources. This means that future generations will have fewer resources with which to benefit themselves. The second detrimental factor is pollution, which usually occurs as resources are used to produce. The third factor is job displacement, which occurs because of an increase in technology that replaces human capital. The last detrimental factor in economic growth is cultural change, where existing cultures are continually replaced as economic growth is

Influence of human surroundings on buildings Essay

Influence of human surroundings on buildings - Essay Example In older styles, such as Gothic, Romanesque or Renaissance, these are more evident of times gone by, periods of architecture which are no longer built. Yet some of these influences are reflected in the current-day buildings and consequently, are considered vernacular. Therefore, it is easy to claim that vernacular is a combination of styles, without the influence of any one particular architect or stylist (Arboleda 2006). Vernacular architecture is considered to be crafted by the builder, according to the desires of the owner who may also be the builder too. Over time, buildings such as these, when created through trial and error in first processes, become perfected and then reflect the style of the society or environment within which it resides. Rather than pursuing the aesthetic quality or some egotistical vision of a particular artist/architect, vernacular building is more about accomplishing the factors of function and ecological assimilation and also providing comfort of living at the same time (Ladd 2003). Local materials are used as well as local workers and this also provides a sense of the place having grown from the ‘roots’ of the local social environment. Vernacular building can also be representative of local observances such as a church and its flock of worshipers and provide remembrance of the religion through how it is built, according to the belief structure of those who will use it. The local populace in older times, were craftsmen who utilized functional skills in preparing materials and in the creation of infrastructure which was to provide a functional, well-built building, created to withstand much of nature’s harsh storms and other events, commiserate with that local population and environment (Ladd 2003). In America, log cabins are considered to be the early American style, consistent with the early settlers who built their homes using the trees around them. Today’s pre-packaged version in whatever wood choice y ou want, represents that stereo-typed tradition of the early days without the hassle of having to cut it down yourself. Of course, you could do it that way if you own the land you plan to build on and have the physical energy to do so. While vernacular building was representative of times gone by, including historical references, today’s version is more about sustainability, technological advances in building processes, and referencing the social and natural environment around the location (Arboleda 2006). The vernacular building is created to provide the necessities of life such as shelter, warmth and a place to cook and eat food. It is created to suit the owner and to also meld within the local social infrastructure. Apartment buildings are a type of vernacular building in that they are built, not necessarily with a particular style, but to suit the basic needs of anyone renting an apartment there. The basics include a main room, bedroom(s), bathroom(s) and the kitchen. In some cases, specifically-intentioned dining rooms are also included in those costing a little more. This is

Contain communism Essay Example for Free

Contain communism Essay Communism had always posed a threat to the interest of the U.S. and their attitudes towards the U.S.S.R. had proved they had not entertained the idea of communism much. But it was not until February 1946 did it all come out and the U.S.A began to act towards containing communism. The policy of containment meant the U.S. actively prevented the psreading of communism.There were several ways with which the U.S. tried to contain communism some of which were futile and others effective. However, for every move the U.S. made the U.S.S.R. had a retaliation. One way with which the U.S. tried to contain communism was with the use of the atomic bomb. The dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima was a method that was used to bring the war between the Japanese to a quick end with few loss of American lives. Described by Truman as the greatest thing in history the bomb had a very devastating effect taking up to 70 000 lives. After that another bomb was dropped in Nagasaki, this was particularly to impress Stalin and scare him if possible. However this was to blow up in Trumans face. Stalin feeling that it was an insult that he was never informed of such a weapon by his allies was not impressed and also became more suspicious of the U.S. And the fact that he was also denied the islands in the far east since he had nothing to do with the defeating of Japan also irritated him more. Trumans attempts did not work instead Stalin sought a production of his very own atomic bomb, and alhough it was initially predicted the Soviet Union would get the bomb within 10 years, mysteriously the bomb was in the hands of the Soviets a lot sooner than that, they had it within 4 years. So Truman had nothing against Stalin now. This was one of the unsuccessful means of containing communism because it rather increased the already existing tensions between both countries during the cold war. And because it was a suspicious thing that the U.S.S.R. got the bomb so soon and the U.S. neglected to mention the weapon to the U.S.S.R. suspicion between both countries increased and the gulf between the countries expanded further. Another way in which the U.S. tried to contain communism was through propaganda. The methods through which communism was extending its influence throughout eastern Europe was blatantly unprofessional. The method was given  the name salami tactics where by countries in eastern Europe fell one by one into the influence of communism. For example, Czechoslovakia was the last democratic country in eastern Europe until 1948. The elections were coming up in May but because the communist were blamed for the country not receiving the Marshall aid the communist party was expected to do badly. However, before the election there was a coup detat where the police force took over and removed every non-communist personnel from office. In February, representatives of opposing parties were removed and Jan Masaryk the foreign minister who opposed communism personally mysteriously fell out of the window during the coup. The Czech communists took over with little blood shed and with no help from the Soviet Union. These was how the communist parties took over in other countries, by dissolving opposing parties and killing their leaders. This was the method that was used in east European countries such as Poland in 1947,Bulgaria also in 1947, in Romania and Albania, 8 countries in total were taken over using the salami tactics.and the only response the U.S. could give to this was verbal abuse. They simply, verbally condemned the acts which were committed and were hoping that the U.S.S.R would perhaps feel guilty and digress but unfortunately that did not work at all. This method of containment was perhaps the weakest of all mehods because the U.S.A. in no way showed any opposition to the methods used. This could be assumed as slacking in the part of the U.S. to containing communism. The most successful was the combination of policies, that is, Marshall plan and the iron fist policy. The iron fist was a result of the long telegram of February 1946 by George Kennan,deputy chief of mission in the U.S. embassy in Moscow. The telegram though it was lenghty simply said the Soviet Union was neurotic. He saw them as aggressive and insecure and concluded that there should be no compromise with the Soviet Union. Another factor that added to the development of the iron fist approach was that the U.S. were not prepared to make the same mistake that was made by the British. The Britains had a policy of appeasement with Nazi-Germany. They had negotiations with Hitler and gave him whatever he requested for as long as it was seen as reasonable but the appeasement only encouraged Hitler to ask for more and soon there was an outbreak of war in 1939. Truman and other  politicians agreed that they did not want the same thing to happen with the U.S.S.R. so therefore the iron fist approach was justified where by Truman refused totally to negotiate with the U.S.S.R. The Marshall plan also was another technique used. George Marshall was the new U.S. secretary of state and he had travelled through western Europe and was disheartened by the devastation he saw and was shocked by the economic crisis of the region. When he came back, he suggested that america invest in the economy of Europe, he argued that as America was a marketing economy Europe would have been a good consumer base but if there was no way for Europe to be able to afford their goods then no profit would be made and the economy of the U.S. would suffer. Therefore investment in the European economy was the solution. Though he asked for 17 million dollars, he was granted 13 million and so this money was distributed through out western Europe. Ofcourse the U.S.S.R. reacted negatively to this and also formed the comecon which organised economic assisstance to the countries of eastern Europe. But unfortunately this was no match for the Marshall plan. Added to this, in Germany, the Yalta and Potsdam agreements had stipulated that Germany be divided into two buffer zones. The western zone was to be under the supervision of the western powers while the eastern zone was under the U.S.S.R. However, in the eastern region, the U.S.S.R. continued taking reparations from Germany because of the damages of world war 2 where as, The U.S. kept putting money into the western zone. Soon it became obvious that the western zone was flourishing compared to the eastern zone. This caused the Berlin blockade of 1948-49. The U.S.S.R.s attempt to divide the eastern zone from the western zone. But this was where the Marshall plan and the iron fist came into play. Truman through the approach of the iron fist refused to give into these manouvres of the U.S.S.R. And with the money from the Marshall plan, the west were able to supply aid to Berliners, they flew food and supplies to them through the Berlin airlift and they were able to provide to over 2 million Berliners. The result of this was that Stalin had to give in and brought down the Berlin blockade by May 1949. A successful combination of the iron fist approach and Marshall plan, the west were able to gain an initiative giving the situation that happened in czechoslovakia and other east European countries. Another successful means of containing communism was the Truman doctrine.In February 1947, the British warned the U.S. that they could not keep their troops in Greece any longer which they had been in since 1944. But after the second world war, the British government began to feel the effect in their economy as they owed 3000 million pounds. This scared Truman because he believed communism was taking over and so by March 1947 he issued the Truman doctrine that specified that any country that had a democratically elected government and was fighting off communism would be given militarial support. And so with this, support from America was given to Greece and the communists were defeated. Stalin, however saw this as U.S. imperalism although he had no retaliation for this because in the first place, he had kept an agreement with Churchill that Greece was an area of British influence. None the less, the U.S. were still able to fight off communism in Greece. These were some of the ways the U.S. had contained communism or tried to.Through militarial means, that is the Truman doctrine and financial mean such as the Marshall plan. And also through propaganda, when they tried belittle the communists because of their use of salami tactics. They also tried the use of terror which was the A-bomb but that proved unsuccessful. Like some of the techniques used and on the other hand, others were quite successful indeed.

Ind Aff Theme Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

El Paso Community College English 1302 Research and critical writing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SHORT STORY PROJECT: IND AFF THEME ANALYSIS Extreme relationships often tend to be abusive in some way from one of the partners towards the other. Very marked age differences some times show a sense of immaturity or a parenting feeling, it is hard to assimilate to someone who in deed is very different to the other. Now when there is a certain dependence that is more than of love, like economic, intellectual, physical, social, progressive it can become very abusive on the depending person. It’s a case were almost anything has to be tolerated, because in deed, if one wants to keep enjoying from those benefits, he or she must lower their head and keep eating what ever is thrown at them. What starts out on a rainy day, seems to open way to the blindness of what’s to come. â€Å"I never got to see much of it cause of the rain†(151), focusing on the fact that she to couldn’t see much of her relationship blinded by the pressure that rained down on her also. There is a constant mentioning of Princip’s story (148), by both lovers; since her theses is based on that historic moment that would be: â€Å"the shot that lit the spark , that fired the timber, that triggered the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (148). She seems to identify herself in a way with young princip, it’s how she pictures her self, and how she must look for that opportunity to just take control of the situation and just go for it. Our narrator has a direct conflict with Peter’s wife, more of a personal competition to were she considered to have the strong end†¦ â€Å" So far as I could see, it was no contest at all between his wife and myself†. In a sort of way she seems to feel guilty for the way she was slowly being left behind. The Archdukes wife can be represented as Mrs. Piper and how she mustn’t... ...s entertaining.(internet II) Michael Malone; New York Times, April 26, 1992, p. 11. I must agree with Mr. Malone since as much as you’d expect her to destroy peter in her story she gives him a sense of indifference, but one would come to expect that from him since through out the story she seems to plot out his character. Now the way that the story seems to not unravel till the end is interesting, it kind of takes you along a calm river ride with a smooth NIAGRA FALL ending. WORK SITED Weldon, Fay. â€Å"IND AFF† or â€Å"Falling out of love in Sarajevo† Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th edition. Boston. Bedford / St. Martin’s. 2000. Pages 146-151. INTERNET I RED MOOD http://redmood.com/weldon/biography.html INTERNET II Malone, Michael. â€Å"The Life Force Has a Headache.† The New York Times p.11 April 26, 1992 Criticism about: Fay Weldon. Texshare. E.P.C.C Libraries El Paso 28 February, 2001. Gale Literary Database

Current State U.S Economy

The current state of the economy is one that is concerning for almost all Americans. Though we are in the recovery phase businesses are still hurting, people are out of work, we are barely getting out of a depression etc. People are pointing fingers at what is the cause and who is to blame. What was once a strong healthy economy has now drastically changed. There are many economic indicators that are used to evaluate and provide an image of what is currently happening and what an outlook may be on the economy.Several of the important factors are the business cycle, consumer price index, stock prices, consumer confidence index, gross domestic product and unemployment rates. The overall picture of the economy is relevant to its current business cycle. The business cycle is the recurring and fluctuating levels of economic activity that an economy experiences over a long period of time. The five stages of the cycle are growth, peak, recession, trough and recovery. As stated before we are in the recovery process but at a slow rate. One indicator is the Gross Domestic Product.The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced, including total consumer, investment, and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports. It moves with the economy and describes what’s happening right now. The GDP was at a huge decline a few years ago which resulted in our recession. Currently it has increased by 2. 7 percent which is indicating an improving economy. Another indicator is the Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the change in the purchasing power of currency and the rate of inflation.It shows the current price of a â€Å"basket† of goods and services in terms of the prices during the same period during the previous year. The purpose of the CPI is to show the effect of inflation on purchasing power. The â€Å"basket† of goods and services includes energy (gas prices) and food as well as other goods and services. The decline leads to deflation instead of inflation where consumers hold off on purchases in hopes of lower prices. Consumers are feeling pretty confident and spending has increased over time but not by much leading to the consumer confidence Index.The Consumer Confidence Index is a measure of how well the average American thinks the economy is doing and will do in the short-term. Stock prices are leading indicators of economic activity. If the market goes up and sustains upward activity this is seen as a good economic sign. The measure of stock prices comes from the Standard and Poor’s 500 index not the Down Jones Industrial Average. In September 2012 the S&P 500 index ended more than 25 percent above August. If current trends continue the economy will be vastly improved. The Unemployment rate is also used to understand an economy.The unemployment rate shows the economy's production, private consumption, workers' ear nings, and consumer sentiment. A lower unemployment rate translates into more employed individuals with paychecks, which leads to higher consumer spending, economic growth and potential inflationary pressures. High levels of unemployment are connected with lower incomes, lower spending, and economic stagnation. Our economy has seen the rates change up and down but the growing trend is our unemployment rate is lowering. All these indicators are used to describe the current economy.Though we are not at our highest point, we are slowly moving on the upward side. A pace that most don’t like but relative to the recession years ago it’s surly a vast improvement. November 30, 2012 U. S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis: U. S. Economic Accounts Retrieved on November 30, 2012 from: http://www. bea. gov/ Cunningham, Steven P. H. D The Consumer Sees Reason to Spend American Institute for Economic Research Retrieved on November 30, 2012 from: https://www. aier. o rg/article/7864-consumer-sees-reasons-spend

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Effective Use...

Effective Use of Character Names in The Lottery â€Å"The common curse of mankind, --folly and ignorance† (Shakespeare). Were he alive, William Shakespeare might fully endorse Shirley Jackson’s ideas as presented in The Lottery. The author, Jackson, very distinctly uses symbolic names for her characters to show the ignorance of the sacrificial lottery, which the small village holds year after year. These sacrifices, which used to be held to appease the god of harvest, have grown meaningless in their culture. Jackson uses the characters not only to visualize the story for the reader, but also each one has a meaning, which adds to the ultimate theme. One of the leaders and MOST important MEN of the town is†¦show more content†¦Mr. Summers, with all of his importance, had someone over him though. Mr. Graves, the postmaster, must have been of more importance and power than he because Mr. Summers had to be sworn in by Mr. Graves before he could have the right to be the official of the lottery. As the reader might easily derive, Mr. Graves symbolizes the sacrificial killing being caused by the lottery. His superiority over Mr. Summers is also symbolic. It shows how the sacrifice and the lottery in itself is more important than the new ideas presented by Mr. Summers and a few other villagers. But, Mr. Graves has many more villagers behind him sharing his views. One of these is Old Man Warner. Mr. Warner is the oldest man in town and, therefore, POSESED THE MOST knowledge of what the original tradition was all about. He lets us know that there has â€Å"always been a lottery† (77). He is repeatedly shown â€Å"warning† the younger parents and the younger generation of what they are in for if they do away with the lottery. Hence, he gets the name Warner. He claims the â€Å"young folks† are a â€Å"pack of crazy fools† and that â€Å"nothing is good enough for them† (77). Jackson refers to him as â€Å"Old Man† Warner partly to show you his age and that he should know the most about the lottery. But, also partly to show that his oldness, his mindset that he is the wisest, is holding the community back from the goodShow MoreRelatedExpect the Unexpected1898 Words   |  8 PagesExpect the Unexpected What thoughts come to mind when you think of â€Å"The Lottery?† Positive thoughts including money, a new home, excitement, and happiness are all associated with the lottery in most cases. However, this is not the case in Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Here, the characters in the story are not gambling for money, instead they are gambling for their life. A shock that surprises the reader as she unveils this horrifying tradition in the village on this beautifulRead MoreEssay about The Life and Literary Works of Shirley Jackson4264 Words   |  18 PagesShirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1919 to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. Her surroundings were comfortable and friendly. Two years after Shirley was born, her family with her newborn brother moved from San Francisco to Burlingame, California, about thirty miles away. According to her mother, Shirley began to compose verse almost as soon as she could write it (Friedman, 18). As a chil d, Shirley was interested in sports and literature. In 1930, a year before she attended Burlingame High SchoolRead MoreAnalysis Of Jackson s The Lottery899 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† In the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, we see the different literary elements she uses to unfold her story. Literary elements help readers to interpret and appreciate the works of a writer. In this Essay I will show you the three most prominent literary elements that were used, and how they add to the suspense, and surprise of the story. These literary elements are point of view, theme, and tone and style. The first literary element of this story isRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, some